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SCOREBUILDERS NPTE VOCAB > Cardiopulmonary > Flashcards

Cardiopulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

apex (heart)

A

lowest part of the heart formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle. It projects anteriorly and to the left at the level of the 5th intercostal space and the left midclavicular line.

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2
Q

base (heart)

A

the upper border of the heart involving the left atrium, part of the right atrium, and the proximal portions of the great vessels. It lies approximately below the second rib at the level of the 2nd intercostal space.

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3
Q

endocardium

A

the endothelial tissue that lines the interior of the heart chambers and valves.

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4
Q

epicardium

A

the serous layer of the pericardium. The epicardium contains the epicardial coronary arteries and veins, autonomic nerves, and lymphatics

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5
Q

myocardium

A

the thick contractile middle layer of muscle cells that forms the bulk of the heart wall

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6
Q

pericardium

A

a double-walled connective tissue sac that surrounds the outside of the heart and great vessels

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7
Q

aorta

A

body’s largest artery and the central conduit of blood from the heart to the body.

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8
Q

inferior vena cava

A

the vein that returns venous blood from the lower body and viscera to the right atrium

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9
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

the arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the left and right lungs

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10
Q

pulmonary veins

A

the veins that carry oxygenated blood from the right and left lungs to the left atrium

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11
Q

superior vena cava

A

the vein that returns venous blood from the head, neck, and arms to the right atrium

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12
Q

atrial systole

A

contraction of the right and left atria pushing blood into the ventricles

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13
Q

atrial diastole

A

the period between atrial contractions when the atria are repolarzing

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14
Q

ventricular systole

A

contraction of the right and left ventricles pushing blood into the pulmonary arteries and aorta

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15
Q

ventricular diastole

A

the period between ventricular contractions when the ventricles are repolarizing

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16
Q

preload

A

refers to the tension in the ventricular wall at the end of diastole.

Reflects the venous filling pressure that fills the left ventricle during diastole.

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17
Q

afterload

A

refers to the forces that impede the flow of blood out of the heart, primarily the pressure in the peripheral vasculature, the compliance of the aorta, and the mass and viscosity of the blood

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18
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

refers to the volume of blood ejected by each contraction of the left ventricle.

Normal SV ranges from 60 to 80 mL depending on age, sex, and activity

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19
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A

the amount of blood pumped from the left or right ventricle per minute. It is equal to the product of SV and HR. (CO = HR x SV)

Normal CO for adult male at rest = 4.5-5.0 L/min with women producing slightly less.

CO can increase up to 25 L/min during exercise

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20
Q

venous return

A

amount of blood that returns to the right atrium each minute. This is similar in volume to the CO.

Because the cardiovascular system is a closed loop, venous return must equal CO when averaged over time.

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21
Q

hypovalemia

A

decreased blood volume, specifically the volume of plasma

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22
Q

hypervalemia

A

“fluid overload” - increased blood plasma

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23
Q

neutrophils

A

help protect the body against infections by ingesting bacteria and debris

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24
Q

lymphyocytes

A

consist of 3 main types - T lymphocytes and natural killer cells that help protect against viral infections and can detect and destroy some cancer cells, and B lymphocytes, which develop into cells that produce antibodies

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25
Q

monocytes

A

ingest dead or damaged cells and help defend against infectious organisms

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26
Q

eosinophils

A

kill parasites, destroy cancer cells, and are involved in allergic responses

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27
Q

basophils

A

participate in allergic responses

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28
Q

baroreceptors

A

mechanoreceptors that detect changes in pressure

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29
Q

arterial baroreceptors

A

high pressure receptors located in the carotid sinus, aortic arch, and origin of the right subclavian artery

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30
Q

Cardiopumonary receptors

A

low pressure receptors

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31
Q

acidemia

A

elevated acidity of blood (pH < 7.35)

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32
Q

alkalemia

A

decreased acidity of blood (pH > 7.45)

33
Q

eucapnia

A

normal level of CO2 in arterial blood (PaCO2 35-45 mmHg)

34
Q

hypercapnia

A

elevated level of CO2 in arterial blood (PaCO2 > 45 mmHg)

35
Q

hypocapnia

A

low level of CO2 in arterial blood (PaCO2 < 35 mmHg)

36
Q

hypoxemia

A

low level of O2 in arterial blood (PaO2 < 80 mmHg)

37
Q

mild hypoxemia

A

PaO2 60-79 mmHg

38
Q

moderate hypoxemia

A

PaO2 40-59 mmHg

39
Q

severe hypoxemia

A

PaO2 < 40 mmHg

40
Q

hypoxia

A

low level of O2 in the tissue despite adequate perfusion of the tissue

41
Q

polycythemia vera

A

condition that causes overproduction of RBC’s

42
Q

Bronchophony

A

Increased vocal resonance with greater clarity and loudness of spoken words (e.g., “99”)

43
Q

egophony

A

A form of bronchophony in which the spoken long “E” sound changes to a long, nasal-sounding “A”

44
Q

whispered pectoriloquy

A

recognition of whispered words “1,2,3”

45
Q

normal sinus rhythm

A

atrial depolarization begins in the SA node and spreads normally throughout the electrical conduction system with a heart rate between 60 and 100 bpm

46
Q

sinus bradycardia

A

sinus rhythm with a heart rate of < 60 bpm (in adults)

47
Q

sinus tachycardia

A

sinus rhythm with a heart rate of > 100 bpm (in adults)

48
Q

sinus arrhythmia

A

a sinus rhythm, but with quickening and slowing of impulse formation in the SA node resulting in a slight beat-to-beat variation of the rate

49
Q

sinus arrest

A

a sinus rhythm, except with intermittent failure of either SA node impulse formation or AV node conduction that results in the occasional complete absence of P or QRS waves

50
Q

bigeminy

A

normal sinus impulse followed by a PVC

51
Q

trigeminy

A

PVC occurs after every 2 normal sinus impulses

52
Q

stable angina

A

occurs at a predictable level of exertion, exercise, or stress and responds to rest or nitroglycerin

53
Q

unstable angina

A

usually is more intense, lasts longer, is precipitated by less exertion, occurs spontaneously at rest, is progressive, or any combination of these features

54
Q

Prinzmetal (varient) angina

A

occurs due to coronary artery spasm most often associated with coronary artery disease

55
Q

septal myectomy

A

removal of thickened interventricular septum

used in treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

56
Q

septal alcohol ablation

A

destruction of the interventricular septum by alcohol injection

used in treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

57
Q

Anatomic Dead Space Volume

A

The volume of air that occupies the non-respiratory conducting airways.

58
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The maximal volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation.
ERV is approximately 15% of total lung volume.

59
Q

Forced Expiratory Volume

A

The maximal volume of air exhaled in a specified period of time: usually the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd second of a forced vital capacity maneuver.

60
Q

Forced Vital Capacity

A

The volume of air expired during a forced maximal expiration after a forced maximal inspiration.

61
Q

Forced Residual Capacity

A

The volume of air in the lungs after normal exhalation.
FRC = ERV + RV.
FRC is approximately 40% of total lung volume.

62
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A

The maximal volume of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal exhalation.
IC = TV + IRV.
IC is approximately 60% of total lung volume.

63
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

The maximal volume of air that can be inspired after normal tidal inspiration.
IRV is approximately 50% of total lung volume.

64
Q

Minute Volume Ventilation

A

The volume of air expired in one minute

VE = TV + respiratory rate.

65
Q

Peak Expiratory Flow

A

The maximum flow of air during the beginning of a forced expiratory maneuver.

66
Q

Residual Volume

A

The volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration.
RV is approximately 25% of total lung volume.

67
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Total volume inspired and expired with each breath during quiet breathing.
TV is approximately 10% of total lung volume.

68
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

The volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration; the sum of all lung volumes.
TLC = RV + VC
TLC = FRC + IC

69
Q

Vital Capacity

A

The volume change that occurs between maximal inspiration and maximal expiration.
VC = TV + IRV + ERV.
VC is approximately 75% of total lung volume.

70
Q

apnea

A

absence of spontaneous breathing

71
Q

Biot’s (breathing pattern)

A

irregular breathing; breaths vary in depth and rate with periods of apnea; often associated with increased ICP or damage to the medulla

72
Q

bradypnea

A

slower than normal respiratory rate ( < 12 breaths/min in adults); may be associated with neurologic or electrolyte disturbance, infection, or high level of cardiorespiratory fitness

73
Q

Cheyne-Stokes (periodic)

breathing pattern

A

decreasing rate and depth of breathing with periods of apnea; can occur d/t CNS damage

74
Q

eupnea

A

normal rate and depth of breathing

75
Q

hyperpnea

A

increased rate and depth of breathing

76
Q

hypopnea

A

decreased rate and depth of breathing

77
Q

Kussmaul’s (breathing pattern)

A

deep and fast breathing; often associated with metabolic acidosis

78
Q

paradoxical (breathing pattern)

A

chest wall moves in with inhalation and out with exhalation; due to chest trauma or paralysis of the diaphragm

79
Q

tachypnea

A

faster than normal respiratory rate ( > 20 breaths/min in adults)

SCOREBUILDERS NPTE VOCAB (5 decks)

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