Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 anatomy > neuro > Flashcards

neuro Flashcards

1
Q

In which cranial cavity does the brainstem lie?

A

posterior cranial fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?

A

cerebral aqueduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What groove separates the pons from the medulla?

A

pontomedullary junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which cranial nerve emerging from the pontomedullary junction has the longest intracranial course?

A

facial nerve (VII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes up the pyramids of the medulla?

A

white matter - the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What creates the decussation of the pyramids?

A

the crossing of the cortiospinal and corticobulbar tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do the olives of the medulla contain?

A

oliviary nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

of the ‘open’ and ‘closed parts of the medulla, which is superior and which is inferior?

A

open is superior

closed is inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What structure does the ‘open’ part of the medulla open out onto?

A

the pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Through which foramen does the medulla pass to become the spinal cord?

A

the foramen magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what ventricle is the cranial part of the medulla open with?

A

4th ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the caudal part of the medulla surround?

A

the central canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the middle cerebellar peduncle made up of?

A

centripetal fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is immediately superior to the midbrain?

A

the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is immediately inferior to the midbrain?

A

the pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What makes up the cerebral peduncles (crus cerebri)?

A

white matter - ascending and descending tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What ventricle lies in the thalamus?

A

3rd ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What two structures make up the diencephalon?

A

the thalamus and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which two parts of the brain does the diencephalon lie between?

A

midbrain and cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the name of the structure connecting the two cerebellar hemishpheres?

A

vermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

To what parts of the brain is the cerebellum connected to by peduncles?

A

connected to…
midbrain by the superior peduncle
pons by the middle peduncle
medulla by the inferior peduncle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the ventricular space that lies immediately anterior to the cerebellum?

A

the 4th ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What cranial cavity is the cerebellum in contact with?

A

posterior-parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What foramen does the cerebellum sit directly above?

A

foramen magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is cerebellar coning?

A

when there is a sudden drop in intracranial pressure, and the cerebellar tonsils herniate through the foramen magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the large fissure separating the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

the median longitudinal fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

the corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What nerve fibres are carried in the corpus callosum?

A

commissural fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what cranial cavities does the cerebral hemispheres sit on top of?

A

the anterior and middle cranial fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

which lobe contains the primary motor cortex?

A

frontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

which lobe contains the primary sensory cortex?

A

parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

which lobe contains the primary visual cortex?

A

occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex?

A

temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

name the three layers of the vertebral canal from inside to outside..

A

pia
arachnoid
dura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

at what level does the spinal cord terminate in an adult?

A

L1/2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

at what level does the spinal cord terminate in an infant?

A

L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

at what level does the dura mater terminate?

A

L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

at what level does the arachnoid mater terminate?

A

L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

between which two landmarks does the dura mater extend?

A

from the foramen magnum to the filum terminale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord?

A

it fuses with the filum terminale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

a continuation of the conus medullaris, it is made up of pia mater and extends to the coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the cauda equina, and where does it begin?

A

a bundle of spinal nerves arising from lumbar enlargement

it begins at L4 and surrounds filum terminale

44
Q

What occupies the space between the end of the spinal cord and the termination of the dura and arachnoid? What does it contain?

A

dural sac, it contains cerebrospinal fluid

45
Q

At what level would you perform a lumbar puncture in an adult?

A

between L3/4

46
Q

How would you position the patient to perform a lumbar puncture, why?

A

curled forward in foetal position - this increases intervertebral space

47
Q

What are upper and motor neurons and where are they located?

A

a neuron with a cell body inside the spinal cord and axon projecting out to effector organ

48
Q

Is damage to the cauda equina considered an upper or lower motor neuron lesion?

A

lower

49
Q

Name the 7 layers of the spinal cord from inside to outside…!!

A

central canal –> ependymal cells –> grey matter –> white matter –> pia mater –> arachnoid mater –> dura mater

50
Q

what is the central canal a continuation of? What does it contain?

A

the 4th ventricle, contains CSF

51
Q

what is the function of the ependymal cells?

A

helps CSF circulate, takes part in CSF production

52
Q

from which arteries do the L & R vertebral arteries arise?

A

subclavian

53
Q

from which arteries do L & R internal carotid arteries arise?

A

common carotids

54
Q

which arteries connect the internal carotids with the posterior cerebrals?

A

posterior communicating

55
Q

which artery connects the anterior cerebrals?

A

anterior communicating

56
Q

in which fissure does the anterior cerebral artery travel?

A

median longitudinal fissure

57
Q

in which sulcus does the middle cerebral artery travel?

A

lateral sulcus

58
Q

which cerebral artery is most commonly affected by a stroke?

A

middle cerebral artery

59
Q

which parts of the brain does the vertebro-basilar system supply?

A

brainstem, occipital lobes and cerebellum

60
Q

which cerebral artery runs immediately superior to the vertebro-basilar system?

A

posterior cerebral artery

61
Q

which cranial nerve emerges just above the superior cerebellar artery? what are the clinical manifestations of palsy of this nerve?

A

oculomotor nerve (III) - palsy would result in drooping of eye (ptosis)

62
Q

What is the dilatation on the terminal part of the common carotid artery called? what is its function?

A

the carotid sinus - it is a pressure receptor which monitors blood flow to the head

63
Q

Where is the carotid body located? what is its function?

A

it is an area on the posterior wall of the terminal common carotid artery, it contains chemoreceptors that are sensitive to low oxygen levels (anoxia).

64
Q

what do the veins of the brain drain into?

A

dural venous sinuses

65
Q

into which vein do the dural venous sinuses drain?

A

internal jugular vein

66
Q

What 4 veins drain into the cavernous sinus?

A

superior and inferior opthalmic, superficial middle cerebral and sphenoparietal

67
Q

What structure in the skull base is the cavernous sinus closely related to?

A

the body of the sphenoid

68
Q

cavernous sinus thrombosis might result in what clinical features? why?

A

loss of vision and bulging eyes, due to compression of optic chiasm

69
Q

branches of which artery fuse to form the anterior spinal artery?

A

vertebral artery

70
Q

which arteries are the posterior spinal arteries branches of? (directly and indirectly)

A 
posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (indirectly)
vertebral artery (directly)
71
Q

what fluid circulates in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

72
Q

what other structures are present in the subarachnoid space?

A

blood vessels, spongy bone/trabeculae, arachnoid villi

73
Q

what structures does the falx cerebri separate?

A

cerebral hemispheres

74
Q

which dural sinus runs within the upper border of the falx cerebri?

A

superior saggital

75
Q

which structures does the tentorium cerebelli separate

A

occipital lobes from the cerebellum

76
Q

what is the middle meningeal artery a branch of?

A

maxillary artery

77
Q

what foramen does the middle meningeal artery enter the cranial cavity through?

A

foramen spinosum

78
Q

What embryological structure does the ventricles form from?

A

neural tube

79
Q

where does the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle lie?

A

frontal lobe

80
Q

where does the body of the lateral ventricle lie?

A

partietal lobe

81
Q

where does the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle lie?

A

occipital lobe

82
Q

where does the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle lie?

A

temporal lobe

83
Q

where does the interventricular foramen (foramen f monro) lie?

A

temporal lobe

84
Q

where does the 3rd ventricle lie?

A

temporal lobe - in the thalamus

85
Q

What are the specialised structures that generate CSF?

A

choroid plexus

86
Q

how does CSF pass into the subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle?

A

either through the foramina of Luschka or through the foramen of Magendie

87
Q

at which location is CSF reabsorbed back into general circulation?

A

superior saggital sinus

88
Q

What kind of fibres pass through the corpus callosum?

A

commissural fibres

89
Q

what are the 4 parts of the corpus callosum?

A

rostrum, genu, body, splenium

90
Q

what is the bulbous projection on the floor of he lateral ventricle?

A

the caudate nucleus

91
Q

What is most sensory information related to?

A

the ventro-postero-lateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus

92
Q

what is the dural fold overlying the pituitary gland?

A

diaphragma sellae

93
Q

what are the colliculi in relation to the pineal gland

A

inferiormedially

94
Q

what structures constitute the basal ganglia?

A

globus pallidus and thalamus

95
Q

what are the fibres that connect the cerebral hemispheres with other parts of the brain?

A

geniculate fibres

96
Q

which group of structures is the substantia nigra functionally a part of?

A

basal ganglia

97
Q

where is the red nucleus in relation to the substantia nigra?

A

anterior

98
Q

which part of the pons do motor fibres and sensory fibres that form the medial lemniscus supply occupy?

A

mid-pons

99
Q

what fibres make up the olive?

A

inferior olivary nuclei

100
Q

what feature can allow a cervical spinal cord section to be identified?

A

cervical swelling, well developed ventral horn

101
Q

what feature can allow a thoracic spinal cord section to be identified?

A

small ventral horn

102
Q

what feature can allow a lumbar spinal cord section to be identified?

A

lumbar swelling, well developed ventral horn- more rounded than cervical segment

103
Q

what feature can allow a sacral spinal cord section to be identified?

A

small amount of white matter, predominantly grey matter. Spinal cord significantly narrower

104
Q

from which aspect of the spinal cord do motor fibres project?

A

anterior

105
Q

why does the size of ventral grey horn vary along the spinal cord?

A

cervical enlargement - brachial plexus

lumbar enlargement - lumbosacral plexus

Year 2 anatomy (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions