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Year 2 anatomy > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Right upper, right lower, left upper and left lower

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2
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen? Where are they located?

A

Right and left hypochondium (right and left upper)
Epigastrium (upper middle)
Right and left lumbar (right and left middle)
Periumbilical (centre)
Right and left iliac fossa (right and left lower)
Hypogastrium (lower middle)

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3
Q

What are the lines used to divide the 9 regions?

A

Right and left midclavicular planes, transtubecular plane and subcostal plane

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4
Q

What organs are present in the right hypochondriac region?

A

liver, kidney and gallbladder

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5
Q

What organs are present in the epigastric region?

A

liver, stomach and oesophagus

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6
Q

What organs are present in the left hypochondriac region?

A

stomach and spleen

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7
Q

What organs are present in the right lumbar region?

A

ascending colon, gallbladder and liver

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8
Q

What organs are present in the periumbilical region?

A

small intestine, pancreas and stomach

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9
Q

What organs are present in the left lumbar region?

A

descending colon, left kidney and small intestine

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10
Q

What organs are present in the right iliac fossa?

A

appendix, caecum and small intestine

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11
Q

What organs are present in the hypogastrium?

A

prostate, rectum and ovaries

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12
Q

What organs are present in the left iliac fossa?

A

descending colon and sigmoid colon

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13
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus and rectus abdominus

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14
Q

What is the external oblique innervated by?

A

T7-12

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15
Q

What is the internal oblique innervated by?

A

T-12 & lumbar nerve (L1)

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16
Q

What is the transversus abdominus innervated by?

A

T7-12 & L1

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17
Q

What is the rectus abdominus innervated by?

A

T7-12

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18
Q

What is the innermost of the anterior abdominal muscles?

A

transversus abdominus

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19
Q

What lies on top of the transversus abdominus?

A

internal oblique, then external oblique on top

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20
Q

What is the midline aponeurosis of the trunk called?

A

Linea alba

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21
Q

What is the rectus sheath? Which muscles does it involve?

A

Aponeurosis of the transversus abdominus, internal oblique and external oblique muscles

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22
Q

What vertebral level is the umbilicus?

A

L3/L4

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23
Q

What thoracic spinal segments innervate the anterior abdominal wall?

A

T7-11

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24
Q

What is the dermatome level of the sternal angle?

A

T2

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25
Q

What is the dermatome level of the nipple?

A

T4

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26
Q

What is the dermatome level of the umbilicus?

A

T10

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27
Q

How long is the inguinal canal?

A

approx. 4cm

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28
Q

The inguinal ligament is attached to which 2 bony points of the hip bone?

A

pubic tubercle and anterior superior iliac spine

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29
Q

What forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

aponeurosis of external oblique and internal oblique

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30
Q

What forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

transversalis fascia and conjoint tendon

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31
Q

What forms the roof of the inguinal canal?

A

internal oblique and transversus abdominus

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32
Q

What forms the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

inguinal ligament and lacunar ligament

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33
Q

What are the the names of the openings in the inguinal canal and where do they lie?

A

deep inguinal ring lies superiorly and superficial inguinal ring lies inferiorly

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34
Q

What does the superficial inguinal ring lie lateral to?

A

pubic tubercle

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35
Q

What do the epigastric vessels branch into inferiorly?

A

External iliac vessels

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36
Q

What do the epigastric vessels branch into superiorly?

A

internal thoracic vessels

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37
Q

What are the contents of the male inguinal canal?

A

spermatic cord, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, ilioinguinal nerve and testicular artery

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38
Q

What are the contents of the female inguinal canal?

A

round ligament, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, ilioinguinal nerve and uterine arteries

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39
Q

What are the most common type of hernias?

A

Inguinal hernias

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40
Q

What 4 histological layers are present throughout the entirety of the gut tube? (from inside to outside)

A

mucousa, submucosa, muscularis propria and serosa

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41
Q

What three layers are present in the mucosa of the gut tube?

A

epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa

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42
Q

What type of mucosa is protective? Where is it found?

A

stratified squamous

found in oral cavity, oesophagus and nasal canal

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43
Q

What type of mucosa is secretory? Where is it found?

A

simple columnar with tubular glands

found only in stomach

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44
Q

What type of mucosa is absorptive? Where is it found?

A

villi with short glands (crypts)

found in small intestine

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45
Q

What type of mucosa is absorptive/protective? Where is it found?

A

closely packed straight glands with goblet cells

found in large intestine

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46
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the peritoneum?

A

visceral (surrounding organs) and parietal (lining abdominal wall)

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47
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

continuous area between parietal peritoneum lining abdominal wall an visceral peritoneum surrounding abdominal organs

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48
Q

What are the two divisions of the peritoneal cavity?

A

greater and lesser sac

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49
Q

Through which foramen do the greater and lesser sacs communicate?

A

epiplioc foramen

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50
Q

Where is the epiploic foramen located?

A

just below the neck of the gallbladder

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51
Q

What organs are described as being retroperitoneal? (think SAD PUCKER)

A

suprarenal glands, aorta/IVC, duodenum (not first part), pancreas, ureters, colon (asc & desc), kidneys, esophagus and rectum

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52
Q

What organs are described as being intraperitoneal?

A

stomach, spleen, liver and transverse colon

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53
Q

What fluid is present in the peritoneal cavity?

A

peritoneal fluid

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54
Q

What is meant when an organ is retroperitoneal?

A

only covered by visceral peritoneum on it’s anterior surface

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55
Q

What is meant when an organ is intraperitoneal?

A

completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum

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56
Q

Which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pain?

A

parietal

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57
Q

How many organs are within the peritoneal cavity?

A

NONE

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58
Q

What is the greater omentum? What are its attachments

A

large curtain-like fold of visceral peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach.
It’s attached from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

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59
Q

What is the lesser omentum? What are its attachments?

A

A double layer of peritoneum

It’s attached from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

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60
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

psoas major, psoas minor, iliacus and quadratus lumborum

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61
Q

What are the organs of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

kidneys, ascending and descending colon

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62
Q

What are the main vessels of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Aorta and IVC

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63
Q

What are the nerves of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

subcostal and lumbar

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64
Q

What are the 3 major openings in the diaphragm?

A

caval, aortic and oesophageal

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65
Q

At what vertebral level is the caval opening?

A

T8

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66
Q

At what vertebral level is the oesophageal opening?

A

T10

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67
Q

At what vertebral level is the aortic hiatus?

A

T12

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68
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the aorta supplying the gut tube?

A

superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric and celiac trunk

69
Q

At what vertebral level does the aortia bifurcate to 2 common iliac arteries?

A

L4

70
Q

At what level does the superior mesenteric artery occur?

A

L1

71
Q

At what level does the inferior mesenteric artery occur?

A

L3

72
Q

At what level does the celiac trunk occur?

A

T12

73
Q

Name 2 foregut structures

A

Stomach and abdominal part of oesophagus

74
Q

Name 2 midgut structures

A

Caecum and appendix

75
Q

Name 2 hindgut structures

A

desc. colon and sigmoid colon

76
Q

What is the artery supplying the foregut?

A

Celiac trunk

77
Q

What is the artery supplying the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

78
Q

What is the artery supplying the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

79
Q

What additional organs derived from the midgut are not part of the gut tube?

A

spleen, liver, pancreas and gallbladder

80
Q

What 2 veins join to form the hepatic portal vein?

A

superior mesenteric and splenic veins

81
Q

What are the 4 sites of portocaval anastomosis?

A

Distal oesophagus, anal canal, paraumbilical region and retroperitoneal region

82
Q

What does parasympethetic innervation do to GI secretion?

A

increases

83
Q

What does parasympathetic innervation do to GI motility?

A

increases

84
Q

What does parasympathetic innervation to do blood vessels?

A

vasoconstricts

85
Q

What is the effect of a vagotomy on gastric secretion?

A

reduces secretion

86
Q

At what vertebral levels do the kidneys lie?

A

T12-L3

87
Q

Why does the right kidney lie slightly lower than the left?

A

it sits underneath the liver

88
Q

What are the 3 structures entering/leaving the hilum of the kidney?

A

Renal vein, renal artery and pelvis of ureter

89
Q

What is the anterior to posterior arrangement of the structures in the hilum of the kidney?

A

Vein -> artery -> pelvis

90
Q

What are ureters?

A

muscular ducts carrying urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

91
Q

What is the term used to describe the expanded upper part of the ureter?

A

renal pelvis

92
Q

What are the 3 constrictions of the oesophagus called?

A

cervical, thoracic and diaphragmatic

93
Q

What structures go through the oesophageal hiatus?

A

oesophagus, vagal trunk, branches of left gastric vessels and lymphatic vessels

94
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the abdominal aorta?

A

left gastric nodes

95
Q

What are the two curvatures of the stomach called?

A

lesser and greater curves

96
Q

What are the 2 orifices of the stomach called?

A

cardiac and pyloric

97
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the stomach called?

A

anterior and posterior

98
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter? What is its function?

A

a band of smooth muscle at junction between pylorus and duodenum, it controls the discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum.

99
Q

The pyloric sphincter is formed by the thickening of which layer of the gut tube?

A

muscularis externa (circular)

100
Q

What structures form the stomach bed?

A 
left dome of diaphragm 
pancreas
spleen 
left kidney 
colon 
adrenal gland
101
Q

What 4 groups of lymph nodes drain the stomach?

A

superior gastric, suprapyloric, pancreaticolineal and inferior gastric

102
Q

What do the lymph nodes draining the stomach eventually drain into?

A

celiac lymph nodes

103
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum

104
Q

Which part of the small intestine receives the opening of the bile and pancreatic duct?

A

duodenum

105
Q

What is the foregut/midgut boundary in the small intestine?

A

2nd part of duodenum

106
Q

How is the small intestine peritonised?

A

1st part duodenum - intraperitoneal
2nd part duodenum - retroperitoneal
jejunum and ileum - intraperitoneal (mesentery)

107
Q

What part of small intestine is shortest, widest and most fixed part?

A

duodenum

108
Q

Give examples of some of the distinguishing characteristics of the jejunum and ileum

A

jejunum is deeper red (greater vascularity), wall is thicker and heavier and it contains less fat in its mesentery.
Ileum is paler pink, it is thin and light and it contains more fat in its mesentery.

109
Q

Arterial arcades (arterial loops) are more common in the jejunum or ileum?

A

Ileum

110
Q

What features of the large intestine distinguish it from the small intestine?

A 
teniae coli (3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle) 
haustra (sacculations of colon between teniae)
omental appendices (small fatty projections)
111
Q

How is the large intestine peritonised?

A 
caecum - intra
asc colon - retro 
transverse - intra (mesentery) 
desc - retro 
sigmoid - intra (mesentery)
112
Q

What is the midgut/hingut boundary of the colon?

A

2/3rds along transverse colon

113
Q

What 2 structures open onto the caecum?

A

ileum (terminal) and caecum

114
Q

What is McBurney’s point? What is its clinical significance?

A

1/3rd of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus
Its the site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis

115
Q

What is the arterial supply to the 3 parts of the rectum?

A

Superior 1/3 - superior rectal artery

Middle and inferior 1/3rds - middle rectal artery

116
Q

What is the venous drainage of the 3 parts of the rectum?

A

superior 1/3 - superior rectal vein
middle 1/3 - middle rectal vein
inferior 1/3 - inferior rectal vein

117
Q

What 3 structures are involved in maintaining faecal continence?

A

pelvic floor, anal sphincter and rectum

118
Q

What is the arterial supply of the stomach?

A

branches of celiac artery - R and L gastric arteries

119
Q

What is the arterial supply of the 1st part of duodenum?

A

branch of celiac artery - superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

120
Q

What is the arterial supply of the 2nd part of duodenum?

A

branch of celiac artery - inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

121
Q

What is the arterial supply of the jejunum and ileum?

A

superior mesenteric artery

122
Q

What is the arterial supply of he caecum and ascending colon?

A

superior mesenteric artery

123
Q

What is the arterial supply of the right 2/3rds transverse colon?

A

superior mesenteric artery

124
Q

What is the arterial supply of the left 1/3rd transverse colon?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

125
Q

What is the arterial supply of the sigmoid colon?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

126
Q

What is the falciform ligament? What does it separate?

A

a ligament attaching liver to anterior body wall

separates right and left lobes of liver

127
Q

What structure in the falciform ligament is a remnant of an embryonic blood vessel?

A

round ligament is a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein of the liver

128
Q

How many layers of peritoneum are present in the greater omentum?

A

4 (double layer folded onto itself)

129
Q

Why is the greater omentum often called the ‘abdominal policeman’?

A

It fights inra-abdominal infection, contains macrophages

130
Q

What are paracolic gutters? what are their clinical significance?

A

spaces between colon and abdominal wall

allow passage for infection fluids from different compartments of the abdomen

131
Q

What type of muscle is found in the oesophagus?

A

Superior 1/3rd - skeletal
Middle 1/3rd - skeletal and smooth
Inferior 1/3rd - smooth

132
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the oesophagus?

A

non-cornified stratified squamous

133
Q

What is the function of the rugae (folds) in the stomach?

A

allows the stomach to expand as it fills

134
Q

What are gastric pits? What secretory cells are found in them?

A

They are indentations in the stomach

Surface mucous cells are secreted

135
Q

What are the large folds extending into the lumen of the small intestine called?

A

plicae

136
Q

What are the finger like processes in the small intestine called?

A

villi

137
Q

What kind of surface epithelium are found in the villi?

A

columnar

138
Q

What kind of muscle is found in the small intestine?

A

smooth

139
Q

What are the cells that looks like ‘spaces’ in the surface epithelium of the small intestine? What do they secrete?

A

goblet cells, they secrete mucous

140
Q

What is the transpyloric plane?

A

horizontal line, halfway between the jugular notch and the pubic symphysis

141
Q

What 5 structures lie in the transpyloric plane?

A 
pylorus of stomach 
2nd part duodenum 
neck of pancreas
sphincter of oddi 
fundus of oddi
142
Q

How is the spleen peritonised?

A

intraperitoneal, except its hilum

143
Q

Does the spleen move with respiration?

A

yes, descends on inspiration

144
Q

What are the 3 structures in the hilum of the spleen?

A

splenic artery, splenic vein and lymph vessels

145
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the spleen?

A

storage of RBCs, storage of platelets, storage of WBCs and phagocytosis

146
Q

What organ must a surgeon take care not to damage whilst removing a spleen?

A

pancreas

147
Q

How is the duodenum related to the pancreas?

A

wrapped around its head

148
Q

How is the pancreas peritonised?

A

retroperitoneal

149
Q

What vein is formed posterior to the neck of the pancreas?

A

hepatic portal vein

150
Q

Into which part of the duodenum does the pancreatic duct open?

A

2nd part

151
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A

right, left, caudate and quadrate

152
Q

Is the caudate lobe superior or inferior to the quadrate lobe?

A

superior

153
Q

What does the porta hepatis of the liver contain?

A

the portal triad - hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct

154
Q

What fold of peritoneum is folded around the portal triad?

A

lesser omentum

155
Q

What does the extrahepatic biliary apparatus consist of?

A

right and left hepatic ducts, gallbladder, common hepatic duct, cystic duct and bile duct

156
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

The liver

157
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

the gallbladder

158
Q

Where does bile enter the gut tube?

A

2nd part of duodenum

159
Q

What two ducts join to form the common hepatic duct?

A

right and left hepatic ducts

160
Q

What duct joins the common hepatic duct? What does this form?

A

Cystic duct joins common hepatic duct to form the bile duct

161
Q

What duct does the common bile duct join?

A

main pancreatic duct

162
Q

What is Calot’s triangle?

A

triangular space formed by the cystic duct, common hepatic duct and inferior surface of the liver

163
Q

What does Calot’s triangle contain?

A

the cystic artery

164
Q

What is the narrowing at the end of the common bile duct called?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

165
Q

What are the 3 main histological features of the pancreas?

A

Islets of langerhans, pure serous acini and small lobules

166
Q

What are the 2 main histological features of the liver?

A

cells arranged in sheets and converging towards centre

portal areas containing blood vessels and ducts

167
Q

What are the 2 main histological features of the spleen? What do they contain?

A

White pulp - lymphoid aggregation

Red pulp - vascular anastomosing cords of cells

168
Q

Which ribs are closely related to the spleen?

A

9, 10 and 11

Year 2 anatomy (5 decks)

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