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Year 2 anatomy > Head & neck > Flashcards

Head & neck Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three divisions of the bony skull

A

Neuro-cranium, viscera-cranium (the facial skull)

and mandible

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2
Q

What type of joint is found between most of the bones in the skull?

A

Fibrous sutures

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3
Q

What part of the skull bone houses red marrow?

A

Spongy bone (diploe)

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4
Q

What does the sagittal suture separate?

A

Left and right parietal bones

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5
Q

What does the coronal suture separate?

A

Frontal and parietal bones

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6
Q

What does the lambdoid suture separate?

A

Occipital and parietal bones

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7
Q

What bone is the occipital protuberance a part of?

A

Occipital

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8
Q

What bone is the mastoid process a part of?

A

Temporal

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9
Q

What bones create the zygomatic arch?

A

Zygomatic and temporal

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10
Q

What bone is the styloid process a part of?

A

Temporal

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11
Q

What are the three fossae the cranial cavity is divided into?

A

Anterior cranial, middle cranial and posterior cranial

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12
Q

What is the largest foramen of the skull floor?

A

Foramen magnum

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13
Q

Name two structures that pass through the foramen magnum

A

Spinal cord and R & L vertebral arteries

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14
Q

Where does the scalp extend to anteriorly?

A

Frontal bone

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15
Q

Where does the scalp extend to posteriorly?

A

Superior nuchal line

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16
Q

Where does the scalp extend to laterally?

A

Zygomatic arches

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17
Q

What bone is the superior nuchal line a part of?

A

Occipital

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18
Q

Name the 5 layers of the scalp (outside to inside)

A 
Skin 
Connective tissue 
Aponeurosis of occipitofrontalis muscle 
Loose areolar tissue 
Periosteum
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19
Q

What does the epicranial aponeurosis connect?

A

The frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle

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20
Q

What is the anterior part of the scalp innervated by?

A

Trigeminal (V) nerve- all three branches

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21
Q

What is the posterior part of the scalp innervated by?

A

C2 and C3

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22
Q

What structure forms from the ventral rami of C5 to T1

A

Brachial plexus

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23
Q

What is the clinical significance of the 2nd layer of the scalp vasoconstricting the arteries?

A

If lacerated, the scalp would bleed profusely as the arteries would no longer be vasoconstricted

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24
Q

What are the internal and external carotid arteries branches of?

A

Common carotid artery

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25
Q

What lies more laterally; the internal carotid artery or external carotid artery?

A

ICA

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26
Q

What artery is the superficial temporal artery a branch of?

A

ECA

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27
Q

What artery is the posterior auricular artery a branch of?

A

ECA

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28
Q

What artery is the occipital artery a branch of?

A

ECA

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29
Q

What artery is the supratrochlear artery a branch of?

A

ICA

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30
Q

What artery is the supra-orbital artery a branch of?

A

ICA

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31
Q

What is the course of the facial vein?

A

Joins the retromandibular vein and then drains into the internal jugular vein

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32
Q

What is the course of the superficial temporal vein?

A

Drains into the retromandibular vein and hen into external jugular vein

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33
Q

Do the EJV and IJV run deep or superficial to the sternocleidomastoid?

A

EJV runs superficial and the IJV runs deep

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34
Q

What is he clinical significance of the emissary veins present in skull bones?

A

They are valveless, so infection can spread into the cranial cavity quite easily

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35
Q

Where do the muscles of facial expression lie?

A

Within the superficial fascia of the face and neck

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36
Q

What muscles are present in the orbit of the eye and eyelid?

A

Orbicularis oculi - palpebral and orbital parts

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37
Q

What muscle is present around the mouth?

A

Orbicularis oris

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38
Q

What is the muscle within the cheek?

A

Buccinator

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39
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve (VII)

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40
Q

Through which foramen does the facial nerve emerge onto the side of the face?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

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41
Q

What two bone points are on either side of the stylomastoid foramen?

A

mastoid process and styloid process (of temporal bone)

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42
Q

What would the result be in palsy of the facial nerve?

A

Bell’s palsy (facial palsy)

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43
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular and sublingual

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44
Q

What type of gland is the parotid gland? What does this mean?

A

Exocrine - secretes into ducts leading to target tissue

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45
Q

What nerve branches can be seen on anterior border of parotid gland?

A

Facial nerve (VII) branches

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46
Q

What muscle does the parotid gland pierce to open onto oral cavity?

A

Buccinator

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47
Q

Where does the parotid duct open into oral cavity?

A

Opposite the 2nd maxillary molar tooth

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48
Q

What artery passes into the parotid gland?

A

ECA

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49
Q

What vein passes into the parotid gland?

A

retromandibular

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50
Q

What cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fires destined for the parotid gland?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve

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51
Q

Where does sympathetic innervation to the parotid gland originate from?

A

External carotid nerve plexus

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52
Q

What are the facial and superficial temporal arteries branches of?

A

External carotid artery

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53
Q

What bone does facial artery wind around to reach the face?

A

inferior border mandible

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54
Q

Where does the facial artery end?

A

Medial angle of the eye as the angular artery

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55
Q

What are the three horizontal compartments of the neck? What do they contain?

A

vertebral compartment - cervical vertebrae and postural muscles
vascular compartments - major blood vessels and the vagus nerve (carotid sheath)
visceral compartment - thyroid, parathyroid glands, pharynx, larynx, trachea and oesophagus

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56
Q

What encloses the four horizontal compartments of the neck?

A

musculofascial collar

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57
Q

What type of joint is between the occipital condyles and C1 (atlas)?

A

synovial condyloid

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58
Q

what kind of joint is present between C1 and C2 (odontoid peg)?

A

synovial planar

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59
Q

What structures pass through the transverse foramen?

A

vertebral arteries

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60
Q

What is the vertebral prominens?

A

C7- prominent spinous process felt at the base of the neck

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61
Q

What are the special features of cervical vertebrae?

A

3 foramina, a bifid spinous process

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62
Q

what curvature exists in cervical part of the vertebral column?

A

lordosis

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63
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Superiorly - inferior border of mandible
Posteriorly - anterior border of SCM
Anteriorly - median line of neck

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64
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Anteriorly- posterior border of SCM
Posteriorly- anterior border of trapezius
Inferiorly- middle 1/3 of clavicle

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65
Q

What are the 3 bony attachments of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Mastoid process, clavicle and manubrium of sternum

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66
Q

If SCM contracted, where would head tilt?

A

same side

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67
Q

If SCM contracted, where would face turn?

A

opposite side

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68
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the SCM and trapezius?

A

accessory nerve (XI)

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69
Q

What is the anterior triangle of the neck further divided into?

A

Submental, digastric, carotid and muscular triangles

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70
Q

What is the contents of the submental triange?

A

submental lymph nodes

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71
Q

What is the contents of the digastric triangle?

A

facial artery and submandibular salivary gland

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72
Q

What is the contents of the carotid triangle?

A

contents of neurovascular sheath

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73
Q

What is the contents of the muscular triangle?

A

strap muscles of the neck (sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid & omohyoid)

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74
Q

Which artery is the common carotid artery a branch of on the right side?

A

brachiocephalic artery

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75
Q

Which artery is the common carotid artery a branch of on the left side?

A

arch of the aorta

76
Q

What three structures make up the carotid sheath?

A

common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve

77
Q

at what vertebral level does the common carotid artery divide into the ECA and ICA?

A

C4

78
Q

What are the 2 terminal branches of the ECA? Where are they given off?

A

Maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery

Given off in the parotid gland

79
Q

From which sinus does the internal jugular vein arise?

A

Jugular venous sinus

80
Q

What is the course of the internal jugular vein?

A

Merges with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein

81
Q

In the carotid sheath, where does the nerve lie in relation to the vascular contents?

A

The vagus nerve lies in between the CCA and IJV

82
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve lie in relation to the carotid sheath? What does it supply?

A

Runs lateral to the carotid sheath to innervate the diaphragm (C3, 4, 5 keep the diaphragm alive)

83
Q

What other bones does the hyoid bone articulate with?

A

It articulates with no other bones

84
Q

What sets of muscles are attached to the hyoid bone?

A

Suprahyoid muscles, infrahyoid muscles, hyglossus/genioglossus (muscles of the tongue),
middle pharyngeal constrictor

85
Q

What are the four suprahyoid muscles?

A

Mylohyoid, geniohyoid, digastrc and stylohyoid

86
Q

What nerves innervate the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Mylohyoid - inferior alveolar
Geniohyoid- C1 (of ansa cervicalis)
Digastric - inferior alveolar nerve and facial nerve (VII)
stylohyoid- facial nerve

87
Q

What are the four infrahyoid muscles?

A

sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid and omohyoid

88
Q

What nerves supply the infrahyoid muscles?

A

the sternohyoidand omohyoid are innervated by the ansa cervicalis (C1-3), sternothyroid is innervated by C2 and C3, thyrohyoid is innervated by C1

89
Q

What are the vertebral routes of the cervical plexus?

A

C1 - 4

90
Q

Between what two muscles do the roots of the cervical plexus emerge?

A

levator scapulae and middle scalene

91
Q

What is the ansa cervicalis?

A

A loop of nerves, part of the cervical plexus

92
Q

What are the three anatomical parts of the thyroid gland?

A

The right and left lobes and the isthmus

93
Q

Where does the isthmus of the thyroid gland lie anterior to?

A

2nd and 3rd tracheal rings

94
Q

Which of the four compartments of the neck does the thyroid gland lie?

A

Muscular triangle

95
Q

What is the total number of deciduous teeth?

A

20 - 8 incisors, 4 canines and 8 molars

96
Q

What is the total number of permanent teeth?

A

32- 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars and 12 molars

97
Q

What type of joint is the temperomandibular joint

A

Hinge joint (synovial)

98
Q

What are the 2 articular processes that form the temperomandibular joint?

A

mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condylar process of the mandible

99
Q

What 5 movements of the mandible occur at the temperomandibular joint?

A

depression, elevation, protraction, retraction and lateral movements

100
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid

101
Q

What are the bony attachments of the temporalis muscle?

A

Temporal fossa and coronoid process of the mandible

102
Q

In what direction do the anterior fibres of the temporalis muscle run?

A

vertically

103
Q

In what direction do the posterior fibres of the temporalis muscle run?

A

horizontally

104
Q

What action does the anterior fibres of the temporalis have on the mandible when they contract?

A

elevation (closes jaw)

105
Q

What action does the posterior fibres of the temporalis have on the mandible when they contract?

A

retracts mandible (pushes back)

106
Q

What are the bony attachments of the masseter muscle?

A

Maxillary process of zygomatic and outer surface of the ramus and coronoid process of the mandible

107
Q

What is the action of the masseter muscle?

A

elevates the mandible

108
Q

Where does the lateral pterygoid muscle attach on the sphenoid bone?

A

lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

109
Q

Where does the medial pterygoid muscle attach on the sphenoid bone?

A

medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

110
Q

To which part of the mandible does the medial pterygoid muscle attach?

A

medial surface - near its angle

111
Q

What action does the lateral pterygoid muscle have?

A

depression of mandible (opening jaw) - along with gravity

112
Q

What action does the medial pterygoid muscle have?

A

elevation of mandible (closing jaw)

113
Q

Name the suprahyoid muscles that depress the mandible

A

Digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid

114
Q

What nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?

A

branches of the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V)

115
Q

Where does the mandibular nerve branch and supply the muscles of mastication?

A

infratemporal fossa

116
Q

What branch of the mandibular nerve provides sensory information to the mandibular area? Where does it enter?

A

inferior alveolar nerve - enters the mandibular foramen

117
Q

What 3 muscles elevate the mandible?

A

Masseter, medial pterygoid and temporalis (anterior fibres)

118
Q

What 3 muscles depress the mandible?

A

geniohyoid, mylohyoid and digastric

119
Q

What muscle retracts the jaw?

A

temporalis (posterior fibres)

120
Q

What muscles allows lateral movements of the jaw?

A

lateral pterygoid

121
Q

Name 4 functions of the nose?

A 
Smell (olfaction) 
trapping dirt 
repsiration 
humidification of inspired air
filtration of dust
122
Q

Which bone do the nasal bones articulate with superiorly?

A

frontal bone

123
Q

Which bone do the nasal bones articulate with laterally?

A

maxilla

124
Q

What part of the ethmoid bone contributes to the nasal cavity?

A

Cribriform plate

125
Q

What structures form the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

The hard palate is formed by the palatine processes of the maxillae and palatine bones.
Floor is extended posteriorly by the soft palate

126
Q

What two bones form the nasal septum?

A

Vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

127
Q

What structure lies anterior to the bones of the nasal septum?

A

septal nasal cartilage

128
Q

What passes through the cribriform plate?

A

Olfactory nerve (I)

129
Q

What are cells are present in the ethmoid bone?

A

ethmoidal air cells

130
Q

What kind of epithelium lines lines most of the nasal cavity?

A

ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (sinonasal mucosa)

131
Q

What type of mucosa lines the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

olfactory mucosa

132
Q

What are conchae (turbinates)?

A

projections on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

133
Q

What are meatuses?

A

the spaces lying superior to the projecting conchae/turbinates

134
Q

What is the name given to the space above the superior concha?

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

135
Q

What bone are the superior and middle conchae a part of?

A

ethmoid bone

136
Q

The nose recieves arterial supply from branches of which artery?

A

opthalmic

137
Q

What is the clinical significance of the rich vascular supply to the nose?

A

epistaxis (nosebleed)

138
Q

What are paranasal air sinuses?

A

air filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity

139
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal air sinuses?

A

Humidify and warm inspired air
Regulate intranasal pressure
Decrease weight of front of skull

140
Q

What opens into the sphenoethmoid recess?

A

sphenoid sinus

141
Q

What opens into the superior turbinate?

A

posterior ethmoid air cells

142
Q

What opens into the middle turbinate?

A

maxillary and frontal air sinuses

anterior and middle ethmoid air cells

143
Q

What opens into the inferior turbinate?

A

nasolacrimal canal

144
Q

What branch of the trigeminal nerve (V) innervates the frontal air sinus?

A

V1 (opthalmic)

145
Q

What branch of the trigeminal nerve (V) innervates the maxillary air sinus?

A

V2 (maxillary)

146
Q

What branch of the trigeminal nerve (V) innervates the sphenoid air sinus?

A

V1 and V2 (opthalmic and maxillary)

147
Q

What branch of the trigeminal nerve (V) innervates the ethmoidal air cells?

A

V1 (opthalmic)

148
Q

What is the vestibule of the oral cavity?

A

The space between the teeth, lips and cheeks

149
Q

What muscle lies in the lateral walls of the oral cavity?

A

buccinator

150
Q

What is the posterior opening of the oral cavity called?

A

oropharyngeal isthmus

151
Q

Name 3 functions of the tongue

A

Moving food during chewing
Moving food during swallowing
Speech
Taste

152
Q

What divides the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

terminal sulcus

153
Q

What is the embryological significance of the foramen caecum?

A

it’s a remnant of the proximal part of the embryonic thyroglossal duct (from which the thyroid duct develops)

154
Q

What are the 3 types of papillae present on the anterior 1/3 of the tongue surface? Which ones contain taste buds?

A

filiform, foliate and vallate

foliate and vallate contain taste buds

155
Q

What are the surface elevations present on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

lymphoid tissue of lingual tonsils

156
Q

What is the name of the fold of mucous membrane fixing the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

Frenulum

157
Q

The duct for which gland is present underneath the tongue?

A

submandibular salivary gland

158
Q

What does the anterior 2/3 of tongue receive sensory innervation from?

A

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V)

159
Q

What does posterior 1/3 of tongue receive sensory innervation from?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

160
Q

What does anterior 2/3 of tongue recieve taste sensation from?

A

chorda tympani branch of facial nerve (VII)

161
Q

What does posterior 1/3 of tongue receive taste sensation from?

A

lingual branch of glossopharyngeal (IX)

162
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

alter the shape of the tongue

163
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

alter the position of the tongue

164
Q

What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus

165
Q

What is the bony attachment of the genioglossus?

A

inner surface of the mandible, close to the midline

166
Q

What is the bony attachment of the hyoglossus?

A

upper border of the hyoid

167
Q

What is the bony attachment of the styloglossus?

A

styloid process

168
Q

What is the attachment of the palatoglossus?

A

soft palate

169
Q

What nerve(s) supplies the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (XII) innervates all muscles APART from the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve (X)

170
Q

What nerve supplies the parotid salivary gland, causing secretion?

A

glossopharyngeal (IX)

171
Q

What nerve supplies the submandibular salivary gland, causing secretion?

A

facial (VII)

172
Q

What nerve supplies the sublingual salivary gland, causing secretion?

A

facial (VII)

173
Q

What are the 5 muscles in the soft palate?

A
  • levator veli palatine
  • tensor vali palatine
  • palatoglossus
  • palatopharngeus
  • musculus uvulae
174
Q

What nerve(s) supply the muscles in the soft palate?

A

All innervated by pharyngeal plexus via the vagus nerve (X) APART from tensor veli palatine, which is innervated by mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (V)

175
Q

What are the actions of the soft palate muscles collectively?

A

soft palate is elevated during swallowing so that it’s in contact with posterior wall of pharyx, sealing off oral passage from nasopharynx

176
Q

What structure lies between the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus muscles?

A

palatine tonsil

177
Q

What three types of tonsils are there?

A

palatine, lingual and pharyngeal (adenoids)

178
Q

What type of cellular tissue makes up tonsils?

A

lymphatic tissue

179
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx? (name from superior to inferior)

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

180
Q

What is the roof of the pharynx formed by?

A

body of sphenoid and basilar part of occipital bone

181
Q

In relation to the larynx, the pharynx lies….

A

posterior

182
Q

What prevents a bolus from entering the larynx?

A

closure of the epiglottis

183
Q

What are the 3 muscles forming the inner longitudinal layer of the pharynx?

A

stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus & palatopharyngeus

184
Q

What does the pharynx receive innervation from?

A

pharyngeal plexus

185
Q

What does the constrictor muscles of the pharynx do during swallowing?

A

shorten and widen pharynx

186
Q

What is the larynx continuous with inferiorly?

A

the trachea

187
Q

What prominence makes the “adam’s apple”?

A

the thyroid

Year 2 anatomy (5 decks)

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