Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Step 2 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Types of strokes (3)

A

Embolic (ischemic)
thrombotic (ischemic)
Hemorrhagic (SAH and IPH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Seizure: causes

A 
Vascular (stroke)
Infection (meningitis/encephalitis)
Trauma (TBIs and brain bleeds)
Autoimmune (lupus cerebritis)
Metabolic (ca, Na, glucose)
Ingestion/withdrawal(benzos/EtoH)
Neoplasm
Psychiatric

VITAMINS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Status epilepticus: TX progression

A

Benzos (a lot of lorazepam) –> IV fosphenytoin and intubation –> midazolam and propofol –> phenobarbital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Broad spectrum anti-epileptics good for general epilepsy

A

valproate, lamotrigine, levetiracetam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Myoclonic: features and tx

A

no LOC and no loss of tone

valproate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Atonic: features and tx

A

No LOC, but loss of tone

valproate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Parkinsons disease: clinical features (4)

A

bradykinesia
cogwheel rigidity
resting tremor
gait/postural instability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Parkinsons disease: TX

A

NOTE: amantadine is wrong

COMT-inhibitors (-capones)
MOA-B inhibitors (selegeline)
Dopamine agonists (ropimerole, promipexole)
carbidopa/levodopa

If <70 and functional: start with dopamine agonist
If >70 or not functional: start with levodopa/carbidopa, then COMT and MOA-B inhibitors as dopaminergic neurons continue to degenerate in substantia niigra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Types of primary headaches (4)

A

Tension

Analgesic rebound

cluster

migraine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tension HA: clinical features and TX

A

features: BL vice-like, with radiation down to neck

TX: NSAIDs, acetominenophen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cluster HA: clinical features and TX

A

vascular pathology
asymptomatic for months, but then HA 8-10x/day with unilateral eye pain with a Horner syndrome-type presentation

TX: abortive–O2, then sumitriptan
ppx–ccbs (verapamil)

F/U with 1x brain imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Migraine HA: clinical features and TX

A

pathology is vascular

unilateral, pulsatile pain that is debilitating and lasts 4-72 houyrs w/o abortion

TX:
Abortive
mild–NSAIDs
mod-severe–triptans and ergots

PPX
propranolol
valproate
topiramate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Idiopathic intracranial HTN

A

female taking OCPs and/or acne meds with ICP (papilledema, FND, N/V, HA especially in morning)

negative CT
LP with high opening pressure (>25cmH20) and symptomatic relief

TX: acetazolamid, serial LPs, VP shunt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reflexes to assess for brain stem function

A

corneal reflex (with Q-tip)
cold-water calorics (cold water causes opposite beating nystagmus in normal brainstem, and warm water same)
Dolls eye reflex (eyes should move when you turn head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Alzheimers: initial impairment

A

memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Picks disease: initial impairment

A

personality (memory is retained)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Picks: CT finding

A

fronto-temporal atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lewy-Body dementia: features

A

parkinsonian type features albeit predominantly with dementia and also with visual hallucinations

Fluctuating cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Alzheimers: treatment

A

donepezil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

Path: increased ICP
Wet, wacky, wobbly (ataxia early in disease)

DX: CT showing hydrocephalus and dilated ventricles
LP provides improvement

TX: VP shunt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CJD: DX

A

MRI

Clinically: behavioral change and myoclonus +/- seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Peripheral vertigo causes (3)

A

BPPV
labrynthitis/vestibular neuritis
Menieres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Menieres: clinical features and tx

A

Triad of hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus lasting <1hr but >30 minutes

Tx: salt restriction, thiazide duiretics, and meclizine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Labrynthitis/vestibular neuritis: clinical features and tx

A

4wks after a viral URI

vertigo with hearing loss, N/V lasting up to a week

TX: steroids and meclizine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

BPPV: path, clinical features, and Dx/TX

A

path from otolith in vestibular system

recurrent, reproducible vertigo lasting <1 minute with positional changes

Dx: dix-hallpike maneuver
Tx: Epley maneuver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Multiple sclerosis: MRI findings

A

Periventricular white matter

NOTE: get this for initial diagnosis of MS before committing to high dose steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Multiple sclerosis: chronic tx

A

IFN
glatiraner
fingolonod
Bethanocol for urinary retention

amitriptyline for urinary iconinence

baclofen for spasms
gabapentin for neuropathic pain

28
Q

Ascending paralysis and hyporeflexia in s/o recent diarrheal illness

A

GBS

NOTE: can also proceed URI and be accompanied by paresthesias and dysarthria

29
Q

GBS: managment

A

NEVER steroids

give IVIG or do plasmapharesis, or try one then the other

30
Q

Myasthenia gravis: TX

A

Chronic: cholinesterase-inhibitor, give steroids, remove thymoma if diagnosed on CT

Acute crisis: IVIG or plasmaphoresis

31
Q

Eaton lambert disease: clinical features

A

Initial fatiguability, improvement with use

Issues with proximal muscles

EMG shows increased amplitude of impulses with more attempts

CT can show small cell lung cancer (paraneoplastic syndrome)

32
Q

Neuromuscular junction diseases

A

MG
Lambert eaton syndrome
organophosphate poisoning
botulism

33
Q

Muscle fibers

A

muscular dystrophies

polymyositis and dermatomyositis

hypothyroidism

corticosteroids

HIV myopathy

34
Q

Peripheral nerve diseases (5)

A

hereditary primary motor sensory neuropathy

GBS

diabetic neuropathy

amyloid neuropathy (MM)

Lead poisoining

35
Q

Anterior horn cell neuropathies (4)

A

Poliomyelitis

spinal muscular atrophy

ALS

paraneoplastic syndromes

36
Q

Upper motor neuron disorders

A

leukodystrophy

vasculitis
brain mass
vit B12

37
Q

Non eccymotic swelling in scalp on newborn that was not present at birth and involves one cranial bone

A

cephalohematoma

caput succedaneum is eccymotic and crosses suture lines

38
Q

Serotonin syndrome vs neuroleptic malignant syndrome

A

Serotonin syndrome: triad of AMS, autonomic instability, and neuromuscular excitability (tremor, hyperreflexia, and myoclonus)

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: tetrad of AMS, autonomic instability, rigidity, and fever

39
Q

Lithium toxicity

A

coarse tremors, ataxia, AMS, N/V, hypotension

40
Q

Cholinesterase inhibitors used in alzheimers disease

A

donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine

41
Q

Normal CSF values

A

Cells: O-3
glucose: 50-100
protein: 20-45
Pressure: 100-200

42
Q

CSF values in viral/aseptic meningitis

A

Cells: >100 lymphocytes
glucose: 50-100
protein: 20-45
Pressure: 100-200

43
Q

CSF values in bacterial meningitis

A

Cells: >1000 PMNs
glucose: <50
protein: 100
Pressure: >200

44
Q

pseudotumor cerebri =

A

idiopathic intracranial HTN

45
Q

peripheral nerve lesion: EMG findings

A

fasciculations/fibrilations at rest

46
Q

Intrinsic muscle disease: EMG findings

A

no muscle activity at rest

Decreased amplitude of muscle contraction upon stimulation

47
Q

Broca vs wernickes area: location

A

Broca: dominant frontal lobe
Wernicke: dominant temporal lobe

48
Q

Midbrain cranial nerves

49
Q

Pons cranial nerves

50
Q

Medulla cranial nerves

51
Q

Seizure with no post-ictal state

A

absence seizure

52
Q

Normal age range for febrile seizure

A

6months old - 5 years old

53
Q

25 year old with pmh of mr who has inability to relax grip =

A 
myotonic dystrophy (autosomal dominant)
Tx involves genetic counseling
54
Q

Shy-Drager syndrome =

A

Parkinsoism predominantly with orthostasis

55
Q

Medication used chronically in multiple sclerosis that can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

A

Natalizumab

56
Q

Paralysis of entire side of the face, involving forehard

A

bells palsy

57
Q

Paralysis on one side of face, but can still wrinkle forehead =

A

stroke until proven otherwise

58
Q

Bells palsy: TX

A

prednisone +/- acyclovir

59
Q

Herpes simplex encephalitis: CSF findings and most accurate imaging

A 
CSF
Cells: >100 WBCs (90% lymphocytes)
glucose: 50-100
protein: elevated (>100)
Pressure: 100-200
RBCs present (from destruction of temporal lobe)

Imaging
MRI most accurate (CT nl in 50% of cases)

60
Q

Wernickes encephalopathy: clinical features

A

triad of sxs
encephalopathy (confusion)
oculomotor dysfunction (nystagmus)
gait disturbance (broad based)

61
Q

Spinal epidural abscess: TX

A

vancomycin and ceftriaxone (staph aureus most likely causative organism)

62
Q

Contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss due to ___

A

putaminal hemorrhage and involvement of adjacent internal capsule

63
Q

Transient, focal neurologic deficit occurring after a seizure

A

Todd paralysis

64
Q

Digoxin toxicity

A

N/V, diarrhea, vision changes, and arrythmias (percieved as palpitations)

65
Q

Small-vessel lipohylanosis is caused by ____ and inturn causes___

A

atherosclerosis

thrombotic small-vessel occlusions–> lacunar strokes and pure contralateral motor or pure sensory deficits

Step 2 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions