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PHSI 208 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

vesicular transport is used for macromolecules that are too large to fit through channel or carrier

A

ya

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2
Q

ATP is required to move the cytoskeleton during phagocytosis as well as to move the phagosome into the cytoplasm

A

ya

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3
Q

how does endocytosis differ from phagocytosis?

A

the membrane indents instead the the cytoskeleton pushing outwards; also vesicles are much smaller in endocytosis that phago

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4
Q

endocytosis still requires ATP

A

ya

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5
Q

what are the two types of endocytosis?

A

non-selective–pinocytosis (ECF is move into the ICF); selective: receptor-mediated transport

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6
Q

what is the equilibrium potential?

A

the membrane potential that exactly opposes the concentration gradient of any ion

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7
Q

where is visceral sensory info integrated?

A

in the brainstem and spinal cord

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8
Q

where are special sense integrated?

A

at their respective cortical regions

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9
Q

where are somatic senses integrated?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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10
Q

most special senses go through thalamus, and are then sent to their respective cortical regions–except olfactory sense, which is sent straight to the olfactory cortex

A

ya

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11
Q

what are the four properties the CNS distinguishes from each signal?

A

modality; location; duration; intensity

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12
Q

what is modality?

A

the type of stimuli–touch vs temp–>will go to a different area in the brain

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13
Q

what is an electrical synapse?

A

a synapse where positive ions flow through ion channels (gap junctions) –>no synaptic cleft

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14
Q

what are the glial cells found in the CNS?

A

ependymal cells; astrocytes; microglia (modified immune cells); oligodendrocytes

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15
Q

what are the glial cells found in the PNS?

A

schwann cells and satellite cells

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16
Q

what is thought to be the cause of MS?

A

demyelination (immune cells attack it) or inability of myelin-producing cells (oligodendrocytes in the CNS or schwann cells in the PNS) to myeline nerve fibre/axons

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17
Q

function of satellite cells

A

exist in ganglia in the PNS; support neurons, provide protection and support

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18
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes?

A

–take up and release chems at synapses; provide neurons with substrates for ATP productions; help maintain homeostasis in the ECF (take up K and H2O); surround vessel (part of the BBB & influence vascular dynamics)

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19
Q

what is conductance?

A

the ease with which ions flow through a channel–high conductance=lots of ions passing through

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20
Q

general info about voltage gated

A

selective–allow 1 ion to pass through`

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21
Q

where are mechanically-gated ion channels found?

A

sensory neurons; allow both Ca and Na to pass through

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22
Q

chem gated ion channels

A

allow K, Na, and Ca to pass through

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23
Q

what are the types of mutations that can lead to channelopathies?

A

mutations causing channel to be impermeable to ion even if it’s open; mutation causing altered channel activation; mutation in inactivation processes

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24
Q

movement of AP along axon is referred to as conduction of AP

A

ya

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25
Q

describe an action potential

A

a wave of depol reaches the axon hillock, causing voltage-gated Na and K channels to open; Na rushes into the cell, causing the membrane to depol to +30 mV, where the channels inactivate; K channels are slowly opening and allowing K to rush out of the cell; past -70 mV, the channels begin to close but K still leaves, causing membrane to hyperpol. The channels fully close and leak channels allow to K to come back in, restoring membrane potential to -70mV

26
Q

ions involved in a graded potential vs AP

A

Na, K, Ca, Cl vs Na an K

27
Q

how does the Na inactivation gate stop positive feedback cycle?

A

depol past -55mV causing Na channels to open, allows Na to rush in, creating more depol, which would allow more to open/stay open–> inactivation gate closes the channels to prevent Na from coming in and causing further depol

28
Q

what is hyperkalemia?

A

excess K in the plasma; less K will leave through leak channels–>makes membrane more positive–>will be more excitable

29
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

less K in plasma–>more K will leave the cell, making RPM more negative–> harder to initiate an action potential

30
Q

where are electrical synapses located?

A

in some CNS neurons, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

31
Q

where are chem synapses located?

A

in the majority of neurons in the NS

32
Q

what is a neurocrine?

A

a chem substance released from neurons to be used in the cell-cell communication; neurohormone, neurotransmitter, neuromodulator

33
Q

what is a neurotransmitter?

A

a chemical that is released by the presyn cell and acts on the post syn cell (inclose vicinity) causing a FAST response in the post syn cell

34
Q

what is a neuromodulator?

A

similar to neurotrans but causes a SLOW response in the post syn cell

35
Q

what is a neurohormone?

A

a chemical released into the blood and act on targets in the body

36
Q

a neuromod in one cell can act as a neurotrans in another, depending on the receptors present

A

ya

37
Q

describe the two types of neurocrine receptors

A

ionotropic receptors–ligand/chem gated ion channels; ligand binds, causes conformational change, allows either 1 cation or multiple types of cations through; mediate fast postsyn responses
metabotropic receptors: GPCR; ligand binds to metabotropic receptor which leads to a GPCR response; –>can interact directly with ion channels or activate membrane bound enzymes; involved in slovwer postsyn response

38
Q

where are large peptide neurotrans synthesized?

A

in the soma, transported via fast axonal transport to the axon terminal

39
Q

where are small neurotransmitters synthesized?

A

right at the axon terminal and packaged there too, from vesicles from soma or recycle vesicles (enzymes for synthesis brought to terminal by slow axonal transport)

40
Q

subthreshold graded potentials can generated APs by summating either spatially or temporally

A

ya

41
Q

what is an axo-axonic synapse?

A

a synapse wehre the presyn cell synapses on the axon instead of the dendrite of the post-syn cell

42
Q

desribe presynaptic inhibition and facilitation

A

presyn inhib: prevents as many neurontrans from being released; facil: allows more neurotrans to be released

43
Q

what does the size of receptive field depend on?

A

number of primary receptors and the convergence of the primary receptors onto secondary receptors

44
Q

location of stimulus–coded based on what receptive fields are being stim; most sensory stimuli for specific regions of the body are projected to specific areas in the somatic sensory cortex–except for sound; localized based on which ear’s mechanoreceptor/hair cells are stimulated first

A

ya

45
Q

what is lateral inhibition?

A

when large APs inhibit other, less-stimualted secondary receptors via axo-axonic inhibition–helps brain in pinpointing location of stim

46
Q

tonic response

A

continues to generate APs as long as the stim is applied–slowly adapting

47
Q

phasic response

A

quickly adapt and do not generate APs for the length of the stim

48
Q

the hypothal, medulla, and pons, initiate autonomic, endocrine, and behavioural responses

A

ya

49
Q

autonomic system works closely with endocrine and behavioural systems to maintain homeostasis

A

ya

50
Q

what is the sympathetic system?

A

fight-or-flight

51
Q

what is the parasympathetic system?

A

rest or digest

52
Q

self-contained neurons in the autonom ganglia can act as mini integrating centres

A

ya

53
Q

where are the sympathetic autonom ganglia found?

A

in two chains running alongside the vertebral column

54
Q

where do sym preganglionic neurons originate?

A

in the thoracic and lumbar regions

55
Q

symp pre and postganglionic neurons

A

short pre, long post

56
Q

parasymp ganglia

A

originate in brainstem and exit via cranial nerves or from sacral region of spine; long pre, short post; vagus nerve (cranial nerve x) contains 75% of all vagus nerves

57
Q

what is the the synapse between an autonomic neuron and tissue?

A

neuroeffector junction

58
Q

what do autonomic pathways target?

A

smooth and cardiac muscle, many exocrine glands, a few endocrine glands, lymphoid tissue, and some adipose tissue

59
Q

autonomic ganglia swell near target tissue–>create varicosities–>neurotrans leave, diffuse to receptors

A

ya

60
Q

acetylcholine and NE can be synthesized in the varicosities

A

ya

61
Q

NE diffuses out of syn cleft or is taken back up into the varicosity; Ach is broken down to Acetate + choline and choline is taken up while acetate diffuses into postsyn cell

A

ya

PHSI 208 (32 decks)

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