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Phase 1 Cards > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most posterior part of the corpus callosum called?

A

Splenium

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2
Q

What is the main mid portion of the corpus callosum called?

A

Body

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3
Q

What is the anterior portion of the corpus callosum called?

A

Genu

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4
Q

What is the most inferior part of the corpus callosum called?

A

Rostrum

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5
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

1) Maintaenance of balance and posture
2) Coordination of voluntary movements
3) Motor learning
4) Some cognitive functions

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6
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebellum?

A

1) Anterior lobe
2) Posterior lobe
3) Flocculonodular lobe

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7
Q

What divides the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Primary fissure

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8
Q

What divides the Floculonodular lobe from the posterior lobe?

A

Posterolateral fissure

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9
Q

What is the largest of the deep nuclei in the cerebellum?

A

Dentate nucleus

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10
Q

What is the most medial of the deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

Fastigial nucleus

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11
Q

What nuclei is situated just lateral to the fastigial nucleus?

A

Interposed nuclei

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12
Q

What nuclei is considered functionally analogous to the cerebellar nuclei but is not situated in the cerebellum?

A

Vestibular nuclei

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13
Q

What passes through the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Primary afferent fibers from the medulla as well as efferents from the vestibular nuclei

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14
Q

What passes through the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

Afferents from the pontine nuclei

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15
Q

What passes through the superior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Efferent fibres from the cerebellar nuclei and efferents from the spinocerebellar tract

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16
Q

What is the vestibulocerebellum?

A

It comprises of the flocculonodular lobe and connects with the lateral vestibular nuclei

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17
Q

What is the spinocerebellum?

A

Comprises of the vermis and intermediate zones as well as the fastigial and interposed nuclei

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18
Q

What is the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Comprises of the lateral hemispheres and the dendate nucleus

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19
Q

What do the granule cells receive input from?

A

Mossy fibers

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20
Q

What doe the granule cells project to?

A

Purkinje cells

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21
Q

Where do the mossy fibres originate?

A

Pontine nuclei, spinal cord, reticular formation and the vestibular nuclei

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22
Q

Each mossy fibre innervates one granule cell. True or false?

A

False - they innervate hundreds

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23
Q

What fibres do the granule cells form?

A

Parallel fibres

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24
Q

Where do climbing fibres originate?

A

Inferior olive

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25
Q

What do the mossy fibres project onto?

A

1) Granule cells

2) Cerebellar nuclei

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26
Q

What do the climbing fibres project to?

A

1) Cerebellar nuclei

2) Purkinje cells

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27
Q

Each purkinje fibre receives a single input form a single climbing fibre. True or false?

A

True - it is a single, very powerful input

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28
Q

What can happen if the cerebellum is damaged?

A

1) Deposition of movement
2) Intention tremor
3) Deficits in motor learning

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29
Q

What is the role of the mossy fibers?

A

Convey sensory information which is used to evaluate the sensory context of the movement

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30
Q

What is the role of the climbing fibres?

A

Convey error signals - thus they play a role in motor learning, making corrections

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31
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

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32
Q

Where are the venous sinuses located?

A

Between the meningeal and endosteal dural layers

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33
Q

Does the cavernous sinus receive blood from the orbit?

A

Yes

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34
Q

Where does the straight sinus receive blood from?

A

Inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein

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35
Q

What vein do the dural venous sinuses drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

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36
Q

Where does the majority of the blood supply to the brain come from?

A

Internal carotids

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37
Q

The left anterior cerebral artery carries blood to the motor cortex of the left leg. True or false?

A

False - it carries blood to the motor cortex of the right leg, the motor cortex controls the contralateral side of the body

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38
Q

What arteries carry blood to the basal ganglia?

A

Lenticulo-striate arteries

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39
Q

What is the cerebellum’s arterial blood supply?

A

1) Superior cerebellar artery
2) Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
3) Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

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40
Q

The middle cerebral artery is a direct continuation of the internal carotid artery. True or false?

A

True

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41
Q

The circle of willis is an uncommon site for berry aneurysms. True or false?

A

False - it is common

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42
Q

The communicating arteries in the Circle of Willis are functional anastomes between the right and left circulations. True or false?

A

False - Anterior is a physical link but not functional, posterior is to same side

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43
Q

In what lobe is Broca’s area located?

A

Frontal

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44
Q

In what area is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Temporal

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45
Q

A stroke to the temporal lobe will affect memory problems. True of false?

A

True

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46
Q

A stroke affecting the occipital lobe will result in?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

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47
Q

A stroke affecting the internal capsule is usually embolic. True or false?

A

False - they are haemorrhagic of the lenticostriate artery

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48
Q

A stroke affecting one side of the motor or somatosensory cortex would result in contralateral deficit. True or false?

A

True - sensory and motor control is carried out by the contralateral side of the brain

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49
Q

A right hemisphere stroke is likely to cause dyshasia in a left-handed individual. True or false?

A

False - majority of left-handed individuals are left-sided dominant as well so speech and language would be controlled on the left side

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50
Q

What gyrus does the primary motor cortex occupy?

A

Pre-central gyrus

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51
Q

The primary motor cortex is supplied by the middle cerebral artery only. True or false?

A

False - it is supplied by the ACA as well

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52
Q

The largest muscles of the body are given the largest area of the motor cortex. True or false?

A

False - the area of the motor cortex given to parts of the body depends on how richly innervated the area is

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53
Q

What is the Brodman’s area for the primary motor cortex is what?

A

4

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54
Q

Muscles of the lower limbs are represented medially in the motor cortex and upper limbs laterally. True or false?

A

True - the top medial part of the motor homolucus is the bottom of the body, moving medially and inferiorly it innervates higher up the body

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55
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract originate from?

A

The motor cortex

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56
Q

The corticospinal tract passes between the basal ganglia and the thalamus to enter the cerebral peduncle. True or false?

A

True - it passes in the internal capsule

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57
Q

The lateral corticospinal tract decussates at the pons. True or false?

A

False - it decussates at the medulla

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58
Q

What would happen if there was a lesion above the medullary pyramids?

A

There would be contralateral deficit

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59
Q

A stroke of the motor cortex will have a greater neurological deficit than the same size stroke of the internal capsule. True or false?

A

False - it would be lesser

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60
Q

In Parkinson’s disease there is an abnormal rhythmical output of the motor cortex. True or false?

A

False - the abnormal rhythmical output is from the basal ganglia

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61
Q

Upper motor neurones innervate the muscles directly. True or false?

A

False - they are innervated by the lower motor neurones

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62
Q

The axons of the upper motor neurones are located in the lateral white matter of the spinal cord. True or false?

A

True

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63
Q

The cell bodies of the lower motor neurones are located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord. True or false?

A

False - they are located in the ventral horn as the UMN cross lateral to ventral at the appropriate spinal level

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64
Q

A motor unit is defined as a particular muscle and all the motor neurones that innervate it. True or false?

A

False - a motor unit is a motor neurone and all the muscle fibres it innervates

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65
Q

Lower motor neurones leave the spinal cord posteriorly. Ture or false?

A

False - they leave ventrally (Anteriorly)

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66
Q

The lateral corticospnal tract is entirely uncrossed. True or false?

A

False - It decussates at the medullary pyramids. The anterior CST is uncrossed

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67
Q

What tract carries fibres to the muscles involved in balance and posture?

A

Vestibulospinal

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68
Q

What is the function of the corticospinal tract?

A

Controls muscles of fine movement

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69
Q

The anterior corticospinal tract mainly supplies the side contralateral to the originating brain hemisphere. True or false?

A

True

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70
Q

The anterior corticospina; tract is located antero-lateral to the anterior horn of the grey matter. True or false?

A

False - it is located medially

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71
Q

The lateral corticospinal tract contains less fibres than the anterior corticospinal tract. True or false?

A

False - Lateral = 85%, anterior = 15%

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72
Q

What is the function of the tectospinal tract?

A

Turning of the head in response to visual stimulus

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73
Q

What is the origin of the tectospinal tract?

A

Superior colliculus

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74
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

A

It is involved in maintaining balance and posture

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75
Q

Does the vestibulospinal tract cross?

A

No

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76
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract originate?

A

Pons and medulla

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77
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?

A

Facilitates or inhibits the activity of descending tracts

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78
Q

Waht si the function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

Believed to be fine control of movements of the hand

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79
Q

Does the rubrospinal tract cross?

A

Yes

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80
Q

Is the rubrospinal tract more or less skilled than the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Less skilled

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81
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract originate?

A

Red nucleus

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82
Q

The reticulospinal tract provides a pathway for the hypothalamus to control the autonomic spinal outflow. True or false?

A

True

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83
Q

What type of fibre are muscle spindles formed of?

A

Intrafusal

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84
Q

What type of muscle fibre is normal skeletal muscle composed of?

A

Extrafusal

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85
Q

The middle third of the muscle spindle is associated with type 1a efferent sensory nerves. True or false?

A

False - afferent

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86
Q

The two ends of the muscle spindle are contractile. True or false?

A

True

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87
Q

What type of motor neurones innervate the muscle fibres of the muscle spindle?

A

Gamma motor neurones

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88
Q

What type of motor neurones innervate the skeletal muscle fibres?

A

Alpha motor neurones

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89
Q

Gamma motor neurones innervate extrafusal fibres. True or false?

A

False - they innervate intrafusal fibres, the fibres of the muscle spindle

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90
Q

Muscles spindles can detect both contraction and relaxation. True or false?

A

True

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91
Q

Muscle spindle activity contributes to the change in muscle resistance to stretch following a stroke. True or false?

A

True

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92
Q

The startle reflex is an example of the stretch reflex. True or false?

A

False

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93
Q

The patellar, jaw, bicep and ankle reflexes are an example of what type of reflex?

A

Stretch

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94
Q

Muscle spindles detect a change in muscle tension. True or false?

A

False - They detect change in length

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95
Q

Muscles spindles are involved in both conscious and reflex proprioception. True or false?

A

True

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96
Q

Where are golgi tendon organs located?

A

Junction of skeletal muscle and tendon

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97
Q

What are the afferent nerve fibres from the golgi tendon organ?

A

Type 1b to anterior horn

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98
Q

The golgi tendon organ’s measure the force developed by a muscle and any resultant change in length. True or false?

A

False - they detect the force but not the change in length

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99
Q

Afferent impulses of the golgi tendon organ inhibits alpha motor neurones of the muscle in which the golgi tendon organ was activated in. True or false?

A

True - it works to regulate the muscle tension and keep it within a normal range

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100
Q

The golgi tendon organ’s are only inhibitors of skeletal alpha motor neurones. True or false?

A

False - they excite alpha motor neurones too

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101
Q

Golgi tendon organ output is proportional to the muscle tension. True or false?

A

True

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102
Q

Are the golgi tendon organs involved in the clasp knife reflex?

A

Yes

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103
Q

The golgi tendon organ’s contain muscle fibres to alter tension. True or false?

A

False - they only meausre

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104
Q

Golgi tendon organ’s possess faster afferent fibres than muscle spindles. True or false?

A

False - they are slower

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105
Q

Golgi tendon organ activity inhibits the inhibition of the antagonist muscles to which the one they were activated in. True or false?

A

False - they inhibit the same muscle (agonist)

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106
Q

The receptive fields in areas like the fingers are small. True or false?

A

True

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107
Q

Some cutaneous receptors are phasic in response while others are tonic. True or false?

A

True

108
Q

Tactile receptors act as transducers but do not show summation. True or false?

A

False - they show temporal and spatial summation

109
Q

Skin receptors are specialized neurone cell bodies. True or false?

A

False - the cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion, the receptors are specialized ends of neurones

110
Q

Is the conduction through the DCML slow or fast?

A

Fast

111
Q

What sensations are carried by the DCML?

A

1) Fine touch
2) Two point discrimination
3) Vibration
4) Proprioception

112
Q

The DCML lies in the anterior white matter of the spinal cord. True or false?

A

False - it lies in the dorsal

113
Q

Fibres in the DCML are arranged topographically. True or false?

A

True

114
Q

Where does the decussation of the DCML occur?

A

Medulla

115
Q

When the plasma membrane of a neurone is at a resting potential there are more Na+ channels open than K+ channels. True or false?

A

False - other way round

116
Q

The resting potential is positive inside the neurone compared to the outside. True or false?

A

False - it is negative inside the cell

117
Q

What is the resting potential of the plasma membrane of a neurone?

A

-70mV

118
Q

The resting potential of the neurone membrane is governed by the permeability of the membrane to sodium ions. True or false?

A

False - it is governed by its permeability to potassium

119
Q

The resting potential is mostly the result of sodium diffusing out of the cell. True or false?

A

False - potassium

120
Q

The size of the action potential depends on the threshold reached. True or false?

A

False - it is all or nothing, the action potential only occurs if the threshold has been reached

121
Q

Which channels open in the repolarisation of the plasma membrane?

A

Voltage-gated potassium channels

122
Q

What is the change in membrane potential in an action potential?

A

-70mV to +30mV

123
Q

At +30mV the voltage-gated sodium channels close in response to the changed membrane potential. True or false?

A

False - they close after a particular length of time

124
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

The period of time in which a second stimulus needs to be stronger to produce a second action potential

125
Q

What is the length of the relative refractory period?

A

5-10ms

126
Q

The relative refractory period is followed by an absolute refractory period. True or false?

A

False - the absolute refractory period precedes the relative

127
Q

The majority of synapses are electrical true or false?

A

False - the majority are chemical

128
Q

Chemical synapses are always inhibitory. True or false?

A

False - they are excitatory too

129
Q

The refractory period has no effect on the frequency of the action potential capable of being produced. True or false?

A

False - It has an effect

130
Q

A synaptic cleft is a feature of all synpases. True or false?

A

False - only chemical, electrical have gap junctions

131
Q

Synapses are the site of all neurotransmitter synthesis. True or false?

A

False - the majority is synthesized in the cell body

132
Q

Each synpase can only form one synpase with another neurone. True or false?

A

False - they often form many

133
Q

The closing of calcium channels are responsible for the release of neurotransmitters. True or false?

A

False - the opening is responsible

134
Q

Damage to the Olfactory nerve results in anosmia of the contralateral side. True or false?

A

False - ipsilateral

135
Q

CN I is commonly damaged in fractures to the anterior cranial fossa. True or false?

A

True

136
Q

Damage to CN I can leads to loss of sensation to the nasal septum. True or false?

A

False - Sensation provided by opthalmic nerve V1

137
Q

CN II first joins the opposite nerve at the optic radiation. True or false?

A

False - it meets at the optic chiasm

138
Q

CN II’s fibres go to the medial geniculate body. True or false?

A

False - they go the the lateral

139
Q

Total blindness of the left eye would occur in a lesion to what?

A

Left optic nerve

140
Q

What passes through the cavernous sinus?

A

CN III, CN IV, CN V1 and V2, CN VI and internal carotid

141
Q

What is the parasympathetic nucleus of CN III?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

142
Q

What does the parasympathetic innervation from CN III do?

A

Accommodation and pupil constriction

143
Q

Damage to the CN III will lead to ptosis of the eyelid n the opposite side. True or false?

A

False - same side

144
Q

Damage to CN VI will lead to the inability to what?

A

Abduct the eye

145
Q

A person with damage to CN IV will complain of double vision when looking up. True or false?

A

False - when looking down

146
Q

Damaged to CN V will lead to loss of control of the corneal reflex on the effected side. True or false?

A

True - It is innervated by V1 - nasocillary branch and VII - temporal and zygomatic branches

147
Q

What is the innervation of the submandibular gland?

A

Facial nerve

148
Q

What is the innervation of the sublingual gland?

A

Facial

149
Q

What is the innervation of the parotid gland?

A

Glossopharyngeal

150
Q

An UMN lesion of CN VII result in drooping of the eyelid. True or false?

A

False - Forehead muscles are not affected in UMN lesions but are in LMN lesions

151
Q

CN VII has its nucleus in the tectum of the pons. True or false?

A

False - Tegmentum (ventral usually motor as in the spinal cord)

152
Q

When CN VIII is diseased it can cause rapid eye movements; nystagmus. True or false?

A

True

153
Q

Damage to CN VIII would lead to tuning fork on forehead being best heard in the opposite ear. True or false?

A

True

154
Q

CN X leaves the brain at the level of the pons. True or false?

A

False - Medulla between pyramid and inferior cerebellar peduncle

155
Q

What innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

CN IX

156
Q

CN X increases heart rate and blood pressure when stimulated. True or false?

A

False - decreased

157
Q

CN XI has a single root. True or false?

A

False - cranial and spinal

158
Q

CN XI runs in close proximity to the vertebral artery. True or false?

A

False - Internal jugular vein, they exit skull together

159
Q

Injury of CN XI causes paralysis of sternocleidomastoid and superior trapezius muscle on opposite side. True or false?

A

False - same side

160
Q

CN XII only supplies the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. True or false?

A

False - Majority of extrinsic and all of intrinsic

161
Q

CN XII has its nerve cell bodies in the medulla. True or false?

A

True

162
Q

Damage to CN XII causes paralyisis of the ipsilateral side of the tongue. True of false?

A

True

163
Q

The spinothalamic tract is found in the dorsomedial white matter of the spinal cord. True or false?

A

False - anterolateral

164
Q

After they decussate the fibres of the spinothalamic tract project directly to the neocortex. True or false?

A

False - they synapse at the thalamus first

165
Q

Hemisection of spinal cord at C7 on right would lead to loss of two-point discrimination on the left. True or false?

A

False - Right, DCML decussates at the medulla

166
Q

Hemisection of spinal cord at C7 on right would lead to right sided hemiparesis. True or false?

A

False - Hemiplegia

Hemiparesis is weakness on one side, hemiplegia is paralysis on one side

167
Q

Hemisection of spinal spinal cord at C7 on right would lead to LMN paralysis at level of C7 on ispsilateral side. True or false?

A

True - severed CST

168
Q

The middle ear is a fluid-filled chamber that communicates with the nasal cavity. True or false?

A

False - it is filled with air (pressure equilisation - Valsalva)

169
Q

The round window receives sound waves in the ear. True or false?

A

False - the oval window

170
Q

Sensation to the middle ear is via CN VIII. True or false?

A

False - Glossopharyngeal

171
Q

The chain of ossciles in the ear have cartilaginous joints between them. True or false?

A

False - synovial

172
Q

The stiffness of the ossicular chain can be altered by two muscles, what are they?

A

Tensor tympani

Stapedius

173
Q

The scala vestibule is continuous with the scala tympani via the semicircular canals. True or false?

A

False - via helicotrema

174
Q

the Organ of Corti is a specialised structure that rests on the basilar membrane. True or false?

A

True - contains auditory cells

175
Q

How many times does the cochlear coil aound its modiolus?

A

2.5 times

176
Q

The basilar membrane is narrower at its apex and wider at its base. True or false?

A

False - other way round

177
Q

The base of the basilar membrane is sensitive to low frequencies whereas the apex is sensitive to high frequencies. True or false?

A

False - other way round

178
Q

The outer hair cells are are 4-5 rows while the inner hair cells are just one row. True or false?

A

True

179
Q

During ageing high tone deafness occurs first. True or false?

A

True

180
Q

The semi-circular canals detect the position of the head with respect to gravity and linear rotation. True or false?

A

False - they detect rotational acceleration and deacceleration

181
Q

Damage of the semi-circular canals on one side will result in nystagmus with the slow phase towards damaged side and rapid away. True or false?

A

True

182
Q

Semi-circular canals in the left ear affect both ears. True or false?

A

True

183
Q

Pouring ice cold water in the external auditory meatus can cause convection currents in the semicircular canals and systagmus. True or false?

A

True

184
Q

The utricle and saccule signal the position of the head to gravity and rotational acceleration. True or false?

A

False - it is linear rotation

185
Q

Basilar membrane is in the cochlea and separates the fluid-filled scala media and scala tympani. True or false?

A

True

186
Q

The utricle and sacule are filled with lymph. True or false?

A

False - Endolymph

187
Q

Mossy fibres are dervived from the inferior olivary nucleus. True or false?

A

False - various brainstem nuclei

188
Q

Climbing fibres are involved in learning new motor actions. True or false?

A

True

189
Q

Mossy fibres are believed to be involved in motor programme determination. True or false?

A

True

190
Q

The output neurones from the cerebellar cortex are called granule cells and are excitatory. True or false?

A

False- they are called Purkinje fibres and are inhibitory

191
Q

Each purkinje fibre receives input from thousands of parallel fibres. True or false?

A

True - error signally processing

192
Q

Feedback information from the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex travels via the medial and lateral geniculate bodies. True or false?

A

False - travels via the ventrolateral thalmus

193
Q

The cerebellum is involved in the initiation of co-ordinated movement. True or false?

A

False - this is done by the basal ganglia, cerebellum compares intended with actual and adjusts

194
Q

The cerebellum is believed to play a role in the storage and learning of motor skills. True or false?

A

True

195
Q

The cerebellum receives information primarily from the vestibular system. True or false?

A

True - co-ordination, posture and balance are key

196
Q

The cerebellum is not a part of a direct pathway to nystagmus. True or false?

A

True - but vestibulocerebellum lesions can lead to nystagmus

197
Q

A lesion of the left lobe of the cerebellum will lead to decomposition of movement on the left side of the body?

A

True - ipsilateral control

198
Q

Olfaction and gustation are represented ipsilaterally in post-central gyrus and insular cortex. True or false?

A

True

199
Q

Afferents from the olfactory receptors directly project to the primary gustatory cortex. True or false?

A

False - They synapse with the mitral cells in the olfactory bulb

200
Q

A single glomerulus in the olfactory bulb takes input from many receptors corresponding to a specific part of the nasal lining. True or false?

A

False - they each have the same odour sensitivity

201
Q

Taste sensation is carried out by CN VII, IX and X. True or false?

A

True

202
Q

What are the pyramidal tracts?

A

1) Corticospinal

2) Corticobulbar

203
Q

What is the function of the corticospinal tracts?

A

Supplies the musculature of the body

204
Q

What is the function of the corticobulbar tracts?

A

Supplies the musculature of the head and neck

205
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract originate?

A

Cerebral cortex - receives inputs from primary motor, premotor, supplementary motor cortex’s and somatosensory areas

206
Q

The corticospinal tract splits into two. What does it split into and where?

A

1) Lateral corticospinal tract - decussates
2) Anterior corticospinal tract - decussates just before it terminates in the ventral horn of cervical and upper thoracic segments

207
Q

Where does the corticobulbar tracts originate?

A

Lateral aspect of the motor cortex

208
Q

Where do the neurones of the corticobulbar tracts terminate?

A

On the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves

209
Q

Many of the motor neurones are innervated by the corticobulbar tract unilaterally. True or false?

A

False - Bilaterally

210
Q

What are the extrapyramidal tracts?

A

1) Vestibulospinal
2) Reticulospinal
3) tectospinal
4) Rubrospinal

211
Q

Which of the extrapyramidal tracts decussate?

A

1) Ruprospinal

2) Tectospinal

212
Q

Which of the extrapyramidal tracts do not decussate?

A

1) Rectospinal

2) Vestibulospina;

213
Q

Where does the vestibulospinal tract originate?

A

Vestibular nuclei

214
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

A

It controls balance and posture by innervating the “anti-gravity” muscles

215
Q

Where does the rectospinal tracts originate?

A

1) Medial - Pons

2) Lateral - Medulla

216
Q

What is the role of the medial reticulospinal tract?

A

Facilitates voluntary movement

217
Q

What is the role of the lateral reticulospinal tract?

A

Inhibits voluntary movements and reduces muscle tone

218
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tracts originate?

A

Red nucleus

219
Q

What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

Believed to play role in fine control of hand

220
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract originate?

A

Superior colliculus

221
Q

What is the function of the tectospinal tracts?

A

Control head turing in response to visual stimuli

222
Q

What is hypertonia?

A

Increased muscle tone

223
Q

What is hyperreflexia?

A

Increased muscle reflexes

224
Q

What is clonus?

A

Involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions

225
Q

What is the bambinski sign?

A

Extension of the big toe in response to blunt stimulation of the sole of the foot

226
Q

What is the action of the lateral rectus?

A

Abduction of the eye

227
Q

What is the action of the medial rectus?

A

Adduction of the eye

228
Q

What is the action of the superior rectus?

A

Upward movement of the eye

229
Q

What is the action of the inferior rectus?

A

Downwards movement of the eye

230
Q

What is the action of the superior oblique?

A

Intorsion and downwards movement

231
Q

What is the action of the inferior oblique

A

Extorsion and upwards movement

232
Q

What is the innervation of the lateral rectus?

A

Abducens - CN VI

233
Q

What is the innervation of the superior oblique?

A

Trochlear - CN IV

234
Q

What is the Lentiform nucleus comprised of?

A

1) Putamen

2) Globus pallidus

235
Q

What is the anterior of the Lentiform nucleus continuous with?

A

Caudate nucleus

236
Q

What can be seen in a coronal section of the brain that constitutes the Lentiform nucleus?

A

1) Putamen - Lateral
2) Intermediate - external globus pallidus
3) Medial - Internal globus pallidus

237
Q

What is the Lentiform nucleus part of?

A

Basal ganglia

238
Q

What structures make up the basal ganglia?

A

1) Dorsum striatum
2) Ventral striatum
3) Globus pallidus
4) Ventral pallidum
5) Substantia nigra
6) Subthalamic nucleus

239
Q

What is the dorsal striatum made up of?

A

1) Caudate nucleus

2) Putamen

240
Q

What is the ventral striatum made up of?

A

1) Nucleus accumbens

2) Olfactory tubercle

241
Q

The inner ear is composed of two main components, what are they?

A

1) Bony labyrinth

2) Membranous labyrinth

242
Q

What does the bony labyrinth contain?

A

1) Cochlea
2) Vestibule
3) Three semi-circular canals

243
Q

What lines the structures of the bony labyrinth?

A

Periosteum

244
Q

What fills the structures of the bony labyrinth?

A

Perilymph

245
Q

What structures does the membranous labyrinth contain?

A

1) Cochlear duct
2) Semicircular ducts
3) Utricle
4) Saccule

246
Q

What fills the structures in the membranous labyrinth?

A

Endolymph

247
Q

Where does the oval window lie?

A

Between the middle ear and the vestibule

248
Q

What does the round window separate?

A

Middle ear and scala tympani (part of the cochlear duct)

249
Q

Where is the bony labyrinth located?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone

250
Q

What is located within the vestibule?

A

1) Saccule

2) Utricle

251
Q

What does the vestibule communivate with?

A

Cochlear - anteriorly

Semi-circular canals - posteriorly

252
Q

What lies inside of the cochlea?

A

Cochlea duct

253
Q

What is the name of the central portion of the cochlea?

A

Modiolus

254
Q

What nerve is found at the base of the modiolus?

A

Cochlea portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve

255
Q

What is the Scala vestibuli?

A

A perilymph-filled chamber superior to the cochlear duct - it is continuoous with the vestibule

256
Q

What is the Scala tympani?

A

A perilymph-filled chamber inferior to the cochlear duct - it terminates at the round window

257
Q

What are the three semi-circular canals?

A

1) Anterior
2) Lateral
3) Posterior

258
Q

What is contained within the semi-circular canals?

A

Semi-circular ducts

259
Q

What holds the cochlear duct in place?

A

Spiral lamina

260
Q

What does the utricle receive?

A

The three semicicular ducts

261
Q

What does the saccule receive?

A

Cochlear duct

262
Q

What blood vessel is the membranous labyrinth supplied by?

A

Labyrinthine artery

263
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

It is involved in the selection of co-ordinated movement

264
Q

What is the limbic system comprised of?

A

1) Olfactory bulbs
2) Hippocampus
3) Hypothalamus
4) Amygdala
5) anterior thalamic nuclei
6) Fornix
7) Septum pellucidum
8) Cingulate gyrus
9) Parahippocampal gyrus
10) Limbic cortex

265
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

It is involved in emotion, behaviour, motivation, long-term memory and olfaction

Phase 1 Cards (13 decks)

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