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Phase 1 Cards > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

What cells in the stomach produce HCl (gastric acid)?

A

Parietal cells

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2
Q

What else do parietal cells produce?

A

Intrinsic factor

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3
Q

What is the function of intrinsic factor?

A

Absorption of vitamin B12

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4
Q

What cells in the stomach produce pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

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5
Q

What is the active form of pesinogen?

A

Pepsin

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6
Q

What is the role of pepsin?

A

The breakdown of proteins - specifically collagen, thus helps the breakdown of meat

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7
Q

What protects the stomach from acid?

A

Mucus

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8
Q

What produces the mucus?

A

Mucus secreting neck cells

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9
Q

Which parts of the stomach have full gastric glands - contain all the cells

A

Body and fundus - the cardiac and pyloric regions are devoid of parietal and chief cells

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10
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the stomach?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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11
Q

What are the deep invaginations of the surface epithelium called?

A

Gastric pits

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12
Q

How many layers of muscle are present in the stomach?

A

3

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13
Q

Is the muscle in the stomach smooth or skeletal?

A

Smooth

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14
Q

What does the muscularis mucosa have in addition to two layers of smooth muscle?

A

Elastic tissue - this helps cause the stomach to collapse on emptying

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15
Q

Whereabouts in the gastric glands are the parietal cells located?

A

Predominently in the upper part, near the gastric pits

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16
Q

What shape are the parietal cells?

A

Globular

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17
Q

What enzyme are the parietal cells rich in?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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18
Q

What is the average pH for the stomach?

A

2

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19
Q

What shape are chief cells?

A

Pyramidal

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20
Q

Whereabouts in the gastric glands are the chief cells located?

A

In the deeper part of the gland

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21
Q

What else, in addition to pepsinogen, do the chief cells produce?

A

Lipases

22
Q

What is the difference between the gastric glands in the cardiac and pyloric regions compared to the body and fundus?

A

Those in the cardiac and fundus regions are:

1) Shorter
2) Coiled (rather than straight)
3) Composed mainly of mucous neck cells (similar to those in the glands of the body and fundus)

23
Q

What cells are also found in the stomach in addition to the parietal, chief and mucous cells?

A

Enteroendocrine cells

24
Q

What are the two phases that turn on gastric secretion?

A

1) Cephalic

2) Gastric

25
Q

What are the two phases that turn off gastric acid secretion?

A

1) Gastric

2) Intestinal

26
Q

What happens in the cephalic phase to turn on gastric acid secretion?

A

1) PNS activated by sight, smell, taste and chewing
2) PNS releases acetylcholine
3) Acetylcholine increases gastrin secretion and histamine secretion
4) These increase gastric acid secretion from the parietal cells

27
Q

What happens in the gastric phase to turn on gastric acid secretion?

A

1) Gastric distention occurs and peptides and amino acids arrive in stomach
2) This increases gastrin secretion
3) gastrin secretion acts directly on parietal cells and increases histamine secretion
4) Overall increase in gastric acid secretion occurs

28
Q

What happens in the gastric phase to turn off gastric acid secretion?

A

1) Luminal pH falls
2) Gastric acid secretion is inhibited
3) Histamine secretion is therefore inhibited
4) Somatostatin secretion is stimulated
5) Parietal cells activity is inhibited and gastric acid secretions are reduced

29
Q

What factors are involved in the intestinal phase?

A

1) Duodenal distention
2) Low luminal pH
3) Hypertonic luminal contents
4) Presence of amino and fatty acids

30
Q

What is released in the intestinal phase in response to the factors in the duodenum?

A

Entergasterones

31
Q

What are the two enterogaterones?

A

1) Secretin

2) Cholecystokinin (CCK)

32
Q

What is the role of secretin?

A

It inhibits gastrin release and promotes somatostatin release

33
Q

What is the role of CCK?

A

It is the major hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion

34
Q

Proteins are involved in the gastric turning on phase, how does the mechanism work?

A

The proteins act directly on gastrin release but also act as buffers removing the H+ ions and thus increasing pH. The increase in pH therefore decreases somatostatin release which thus leads to lack of inhibition of the parietal cells

35
Q

What are the three types of solution that can occur inside the body in terms of solute concentration?

A

1) Isotonic
2) Hypotonic
3) Hypertonic

36
Q

What is meant by isotonic?

A

Where the concentration of the solute is the same both inside and outside the cell

37
Q

What is meant by hypotonic?

A

Where the concentration of the solute is greater inside the cell

38
Q

What is meant by hypertonic?

A

Where the concentration of the solute is greater outside the cell

39
Q

What is the parasympathetic neurotransmitter involved in gastric acid regulation? Does it increase or decrease production?

A

Acetylcholine - it increases production

40
Q

What is the hormone involved in gastric acid regulation? Does it increase

A

Gastrin - it increases it

41
Q

Whta are the two paracrine factors involved in gastric acid regulation? Do they increase or decrease the production?

A

1) Histamine - increase

2) Somatostatin - decrease

42
Q

What are the three defence mechanisms in the mucosa of the stomach?

A

1) Alkaline mucus
2) Tight junctions between epithelial cells
3) Replacement of damaged mucosa cells

43
Q

What are the three main causes of peptic ulcers?

A

1) Helicobacter pyori
2) NSAIDs
3) Chemical irritants

44
Q

How does helicobacter pylori cause peptic ulcers?

A

1) Releases urease
2) Urease splits into CO2 and ammonia
3) Ammonia combines with H+ to form ammonium which damages the gastric epithelium

45
Q

How do NSAIDs cause peptic ulcers?

A

NSAIDs inhibit cyclo-oxygenase 1 which is needed for prostaglandin secretion. Prostaglandins are needed to stimulate mucus secretion thus there is decreased mucus

46
Q

What is a gastrinoma?

A

A tumour of the pancreas or duodenum that secretes excess gastrin

47
Q

What major structures pass through the diaphragm?

A

1) Inferior vena cava
2) Oesophagus
3) Aorta

48
Q

At what level does the Inferior vena cava pass through the thoracic diaphragm?

A

T8

49
Q

At what level does the oesophagus pass though the thoracic diaphragm?

A

T10

50
Q

At what level does the aorta pass through the thoracic diaphragm?

A

T12

Phase 1 Cards (13 decks)

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