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Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the anterior forearm?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi radialis
Pronator teres

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2
Q

What is the innervation of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Ulna nerve

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3
Q

What is the innervation of the palmaris longus?

A

Median nerve

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4
Q

What is the innervation of the flexor carpi radialis

A

Median nerve

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5
Q

What is the innervation of the pronator teres?

A

Median nerve

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6
Q

What is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Flexion and adduction of the wrist

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7
Q

What is the action of the palmaris longus?

A

Flexion of the wrist

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8
Q

What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis?

A

Flexor and abduction of the wrist

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9
Q

What is the action of the pronator teres?

A

Probation of the forearm

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10
Q

What is pronation?

A

Moving palm to face downwards

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11
Q

What muscle is in the intermediate part of the anterior forearm?

A

Flexor digitorium superficialis

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12
Q

What is the action of the flexor digitorium superficialis?

A

Flexes metacarpophalangeal joints, proximal interphalageal joints and flexes the wrist

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13
Q

What is the innervation of the flexor digitorium superficialis?

A

Median nerve

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14
Q

What are the deep muscles of the anterior forearm?

A

Flexor pollicus longus
Flexor digitorium profundus
Pronator quadratus

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15
Q

What is the innervation of the flexor digitorium profundus?

A

Medial half: ulnar nerve

Lateral half: median nerve

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16
Q

What is the innervation of her flexor pollicis longus?

A

Median nerve

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17
Q

What is the innervation of the pronator quadratus?

A

Median nerve

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18
Q

What is the action of the flexor digitorium profundus?

A

Flexes the wrist
Flexes the distal interphalangeal joints
Flexes metacarpophalangeal joints

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19
Q

What is the action of the flexor pollicis longus?

A

Flexes interphalangeal joint and metacarophalangeal joint of the thumb

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20
Q

What is the action of the pronator quadratus?

A

Pronates the forearm

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21
Q

What are superficial muscles of the posterior forearm?

A 
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorium
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
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22
Q

What is the innervation of the brachioradialis muscle?

A

Radial nerve

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23
Q

What is the innervation of the extensor carpi radialis longus?

A

Radial nerve

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24
Q

What is the innervation of the extensor carpi radialis brevis?

A

Radial nerve

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25
Q

What is the innervation of the extensor digitorium?

A

Radial nerve

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26
Q

What is the innervation of the extensor digiti minimi?

A

Radial nerve

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27
Q

What is the innervation of the extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

Radial nerve

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28
Q

What is the action of the brachioradialis muscle?

A

Flexes the elbow

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29
Q

What is the action of the extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus?

A

Extends and abducts the wrist

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30
Q

What is the action of the extensor digitorium?

A

Extends medial four fingers at MCP and IP joints

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31
Q

What is the action of extensor digiti minimi?

A

Extends the little finger and extension of the wrist

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32
Q

What is the action of the extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

Extension and adduction of the wrist

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33
Q

What are the deep muscles of the posterior forearm?

A 
Supinator
Abductee pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor indicis
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34
Q

What is the innervation of the supinator?

A

Radial nerve

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35
Q

What is the innervation of the abductor pollicis longus?

A

Radial nerve

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36
Q

What is the innervation of the extensor pollicis longus?

A

Radial nerve

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37
Q

What is the innervation of the extensor pollicis brevis?

A

Radial nerve

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38
Q

What is the innervation of the extensor indicis?

A

Radial nerve

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39
Q

What is the action of the supinator?

A

Supination of the forearm

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40
Q

What is the action of the abductor pollicis longus?

A

Abducts the thumb

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41
Q

What is the action of the extensor pollicis brevis?

A

Extends the MCP and CM joints of the thumb

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42
Q

What is the action of the extensor pollicis longus?

A

Extends all joints of the thumb - CM, MCP and IP

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43
Q

What is the action of the extensor indicis?

A

Extends the index finger

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44
Q

What are the four main groups of muscles in the hand?

A

Thenar
Hypothenar
Interossei
Lumbricals

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45
Q

What are the thenar muscles?

A

Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis

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46
Q

What is the innervation of the thenar muscles?

A

Median nerve

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47
Q

What is the action of the opponens pollicis?

A

Opposes the thumb, by medically rotating and flexing the metacarpal on the trapezium

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48
Q

What is the action of the abductor pollicis brevis?

A

Abducts the thumb

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49
Q

What is the action of the flexor pollicis brevis?

A

Flexes the MCP joint of the thumb

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50
Q

What are the hypothenar muscles?

A

Oppenens digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti mini brevis

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51
Q

What is the inversion of the hypothenar muscles?

A

Ulnar nerve

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52
Q

What is the action of the opponens digiti minimi?

A

Rotates metacarpal of little finger towards palm producing opposition

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53
Q

What is the action of abductor digiti minimi?

A

Abducts the little finger

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54
Q

What is the action of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A

Flexes the MCP joint of the little finger

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55
Q

What are the Lumbricals muscles?

A

They are named I, II, III and IV

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56
Q

Which of the Lumbricals are unipennate?

A

I and II

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57
Q

Which of the Lumbricals are bipennate?

A

III and IV

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58
Q

What is the innervation of the Lumbricals?

A

Medial two = ulnar nerve

Lateral two = median nerve

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59
Q

What is the action of the Lumbricals?

A

Flex the MCP joint, extend at IP joints of each finger

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60
Q

What are the muscle groups of the interossei muscles?

A

Dorsal interossei

Palmar interossei

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61
Q

What is the innervation of the interossei?

A

Ulnar nerve

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62
Q

What is the function of the dorsal interossei?

A

Abduction of the fingers at the MCP joint

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63
Q

What is the action of the palmar interossei?

A

Adduction of the fingers at the MCP joint

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64
Q

What are the two other muscles of the palm of the hand that do not fit into the thenar or hypothenar groups?

A

Palmaris brevis

Adductor pollicis

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65
Q

What is the innervation of ten palmaris brevis?

A

Ulnar nerve

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66
Q

What is the in creation of the adductor pollicis?

A

Ulnar nerve

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67
Q

What is the action of the palmaris brevis?

A

Wrinkles the the ski over the hypothenar eminence and deepens the curvature of the hand, improving grip

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68
Q

What is the action of the adductor pollicis?

A

Adduction of the thumb

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69
Q

What are the carpal bones in the hand?

A 
Scaphoid
Trapezium
Trapezoid 
Capitate
Hamate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Lunate
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70
Q

How many carpal bones are there?

A

8

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71
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm

A

Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis

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72
Q

What is the action of the biceps brachii?

A

Supination of the forearm.

It also flexes the arm at the elbow and at the shoulder

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73
Q

What is the action of the coracobrachialis?

A

Flex ion of the arm at the shoulder

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74
Q

What is the action of the Brachialis?

A

Flexion of the arm at the elbow

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75
Q

What is the innervation of the biceps brachii?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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76
Q

What is the innervation of the coracobrachialis?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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77
Q

What is the innervation of the Brachialis muscle?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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78
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Triceps brachii

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79
Q

What is the action of the triceps brachii?

A

Extension of the arm at the elbow

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80
Q

What is the innervation of the triceps brachii?

A

Radial nerve

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81
Q

What is the order of components of the Brachial plexus?

A 
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches
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82
Q

What are the roots of the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

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83
Q

What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

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84
Q

What are the divisions in the brachial plexus?

A

Anterior and posterior divisions of each trunk

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85
Q

What are the names of the cords of the brachial plexus?

A

Lateral
Posterior
Medial

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86
Q

What are the cords of the brachial plexus named in reference to?

A

Their position in relation to the axillary artery

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87
Q

What is the lateral cord formed from?

A

The anterior division of the superior trunk

The anterior division of the middle trunk

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88
Q

What is the posterior cord formed from?

A

The posterior divisions of the superior, middle and inferior trunks

89
Q

What is the medial cord formed from?

A

The anterior cord of the inferior trunk

90
Q

What are the branches of the brachial plexus?

A 
Musculocutaneous 
Axillary
Median
Radial
Ulnar
91
Q

What nerve roots form the Musculocutaneous nerve?

92
Q

What roots form the axillary nerve?

93
Q

What roots form the median nerve?

A

C6-T1 (sometime includes C5)

94
Q

What roots form the radial nerve?

95
Q

What roots form the ulnar nerve?

96
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A 
Iliopsoas
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Sartorius
Pectineus
97
Q

What is the innervation of the iliopsoas muscle?

A

Psoas major part - anterior rami of L1-3

Iliacus part - Femoral nerve

98
Q

What is the innevation of the quadriceps femoralis muscles?

A

Femoral nerve

99
Q

What is the innervation the sartorius muscle?

A

Femoral nerve

100
Q

What is the innervation of the pectineus muscle?

A

Femoral nerve (may receive branch of obturator nerve)

101
Q

What is the action of the iliopsoas muscle?

A

Flexes lower limb at hop joint

assists in lateral rotation of the hip joint

102
Q

What do the quadriceps femoralis muscles collectively do?

A

Extend the knee

103
Q

What does the rectus femoris do in addition to extending the knee?

A

Flexes the leg at the hip joint

104
Q

What is the action of the sartorius muscle?

A

Flexion, abduction and lateral rotation of the hip joint

Flexion of the knee

105
Q

What is the action of the pectineus muscle?

A

Adduction and flexion at the hip

106
Q

What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A 
Adductor magnus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Gracilis
Obturator externa
107
Q

Whta is the adductor magus innervated by?

A

Adductor part - Obturator nerve

Hamstring part - Tibial nerve

108
Q

What is the adductor longus innervated by?

A

Obturator nerve

109
Q

What is the adductor brevis innervated by?

A

Obturator nerve

110
Q

What is the innervation of the gracilis?

A

Obturator nerve

111
Q

What is the action of the adductor magnus?

A

Both parts adduct the thigh, the adductor part also flexes the thigh and the hamstring portion extends the thigh

112
Q

What is the action of the adductor longus?

A

Adduction and medial rotation of the thigh

113
Q

What is the action of the adductor brevis?

A

Adduction of the thigh

114
Q

What is the innervation of the obturator externus?

A

Obturator nerve

115
Q

What is the action of the gracilis?

A

Adduction of the thigh and flexion of the leg at the knee

116
Q

What is the action of the obturator externa?

A

Laterally rotates the thigh

117
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

118
Q

What is the innervation of the biceps femoris?

A

Long head - tibial nerve

Short head - common fibular (common peroneal)

119
Q

What is the innervation of the semitendinosus?

A

Tibial nerve

120
Q

What is the innervation of the semimembranosus?

A

Tibial nerve

121
Q

What is the action of the biceps femoris?

A

Flexion of the knee, it also extends the leg at the hip and laterally rotates the hip and knee

122
Q

What is the action of the semitendinosus?

A

Flexion of the leg at the knee as well as extension of the thigh at the hip and medial rotation at the hip and knee

123
Q

What is the action of the semimembranosus?

A

Flexion of the leg at the knee, extension of the thigh at the hip, medially rotates the thigh at the hip and knee

124
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Gluteus maimus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata

125
Q

What is the innervation of the gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

126
Q

What is the innervation of the gluteus medius?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

127
Q

What is the innervation of the gluteus minimus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

128
Q

What is the innervation of the tensor fascia lata?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

129
Q

What is the action of the gluteus maximus?

A

Main extensor of the thigh
Assists with lateral rotation
(only used when force is required)

130
Q

What is the action of the gluteus medius?

A

Abducts and medially rotates the lower limb

It also secures pelvis and prevents the other limb dropping

131
Q

What is the action of the gluteus minimus?

A

Abducts and medially rotates the lower limb

Also secures the pelvis preventing the other limb dropping

132
Q

What is the action of the tensor fascia lata?

A

Abduction and medial rotation of the lower limb

133
Q

What are the deep muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Piriformis
Gemelli
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris

134
Q

What is the innervation of the piriformis?

A

Nerve to piriformis

135
Q

what is the innervation of the gemelli?

A

Superior gemellus - nerve to obturator internus

Inferior gemellus - nerve to quadratus femoris

136
Q

What is the innervation of the obturator internus?

A

Nerve to the obturator internus

137
Q

What is the innervation of the quadratus femoris?

A

Nerve to the quadratus femoris

138
Q

What is the action of the piriformis?

A

Lateral rotation and abduction

139
Q

What is the action of the obturator internus?

A

Lateral rotaion and abduction

140
Q

What is the action of the gemelli?

A

Lateral rotation and abduction

141
Q

What is the action of the quadratus femoris?

A

Lateral rotation

142
Q

What is the main artery supplying the lower limb?

A

Femoral artery

143
Q

What is the major branch of the femoral artery that supplies the leg?

A

Profunda femoris

144
Q

What is the arterial supply to the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery

145
Q

What is the arterial supply to the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Peroneal (fibular) artery

146
Q

What is the arterial supply to the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Posterior tibial artery

147
Q

What is the arterial supply to the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral artery

148
Q

What is the arterial supply to the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator artery

149
Q

What is the arterial supply to the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Inferior gluteal artery
Profunda femoris
Perforating arteries

150
Q

What is the arterial supply to the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Ulnar artery

151
Q

What is the arterial supply to the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Radial artery
Readial recurrent artery
Profunda brachii (brachial artery)
Posterior interosseus (Ulnar artery)

152
Q

What is the arterial supply to the foot?

A 
Dorsalis pedis (continuation of anterior tibial)
Posterior tibial
153
Q

What are the structures in the femoral triangle? What order are they in?

A

Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Femoral canal (contains deep lymph nodes)

Order is lateral to medial - remember NAVEL (E stands for empty space)

154
Q

What is a femoral hernia?

A

Where part of the bowel pushes into the femoral canal

155
Q

What is contained in the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Femoral canal (lymph nodes)

156
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Superiorly - Inguinal ligament
Laterally - Medial border of sartorius
Medially - Medial border of adductor longus

157
Q

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

Superiomedially - Semimembranosus
Superiolateral - Biceps femoris
Inferiomedial - Medial head of gastrocnemius
Inferiolateral border - Lateral head of the gastrocnemius and plantaris

158
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa? what is their order?

A

Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve
Common peroneal nerve

Order - as listed medial to lateral but nerves most superior, then vein, then artery

159
Q

What vein drains into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa?

A

Small saphenous vein

160
Q

What are the two major superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

Great saphenous vein

Small saphenous vein

161
Q

What are the borders of the cubital fossa?

A

Lateral - Medial border of brachioradialis
Medial - Lateral border of pronator teres
Superior - Imaginary line between medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus

162
Q

What are the contents of the cubital fossa?

A

Radial nerve (divides into deep and superficial branches)
Biceps tendon
Brachial artery
Median nerve

163
Q

What forms the carpal tunnel?

A

Carpal arch:
Laterally - Scaphoid and trapezium tubercles
Medially - Hamate and pisiform

Concavity covered by flexor retinaculum

164
Q

What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?

A

1) Tendon of flexor pollicis longus
2) 4 tendons of flexor digitorium profundus
3) 4 tendons of flexor digitorium superficialis
4) Median nerve

165
Q

What does the median nerve split into in the carpal tunnel?

A

Recuurent branch - supplies thenar muscles
Palmar digital branch - Supplies palmar skin and dorsal nailbeds of the lateral 3 and a half digits.
Also supplies the lateral two lumbricals

166
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

When there is compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel.

Leads to atrophy of thenar muscles and numbness over skin distribution of median nerve

167
Q

What is the axillary artery a continuation of?

A

Subclavian artery

168
Q

At what point does the axillary artery start?

A

At level of the first rib

169
Q

Where does the brachial artery begin?

A

At the margin of the teres major muscle

170
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the shoulder?

A 
Trapezius
Latissimuss dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
171
Q

What is the innervation of the trapezius?

A

Accessory nerve

172
Q

What is the innervation of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

173
Q

What is the innervation of the levator scapulae?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

174
Q

What is the innervation of the rhomboids?

A

Dorsal scapula nerve

175
Q

What is the action of the trapezius?

A

Upper fibres - elevate the scapula and rotate it during abduction
Middle fibres - Retract the scapula
Lower fibres - Pull the scapular inferiorly

176
Q

What is the action of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Extends, adducts and medially rotates the upper limb

177
Q

What is the action of the levator scapulae?

A

Elevates the scapula

178
Q

What is the action of the rhomboids?

A

Retract and rotate the scapula

179
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the shoulder?

A 
Deltoid
Teres major
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
180
Q

What is the innervation of the deltoid?

A

Axillary nerve

181
Q

What is the innervation of the teres major?

A

Lower subscapular nerve

182
Q

what is the action of the deltoid muscle?

A

Anterior fibres - flex arm at shoulder
Posterior fibres - extend arm at shoulder
Middle fibres - abduct the arm above 15 degrees

183
Q

What is the innervation of the supraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular nerve

184
Q

what is the innervation of the infraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular nerve

185
Q

What is the innervation of the teres minor?

A

Axillary nerve

186
Q

What is the innervation of the subscapularis?

A

Upper and lower subscapular nerves

187
Q

What is the action of the supraspinatus?

A

Abducts the arm 0-15 degrees, then assits deltoid

188
Q

What is the action of the infraspinatus?

A

Lateral rotation of the arm

189
Q

What is the action of teres minor?

A

Lateral (external) rotation of the arm

190
Q

What is the action of the subscapularis?

A

Medial (internal) rotation of the arm

191
Q

What is the blood supply of the shoulder joint?

A

Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries
Suprascapular artery
Scapular circumflex artery

192
Q

What is the blood supply to the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Brachial artery

193
Q

What is the blood supply to the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Profunda brachii

194
Q

What is the role of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

Prevents forward movement of the tibia

195
Q

What is the role of the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

Prevents backwards movement of the tibia

196
Q

Which meniscus is more likely to get damaged?

A

Medial meniscus

197
Q

What ligament (s) are tense when the knee is flexed at 90 degrees?

A

None of them

198
Q

What ligament(s) are flexed when the knee is flexed around 30 degrees?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

199
Q

What ligament(s) are flexed when the knee is straight?

200
Q

What are the four ligaments of the knee?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial collateral ligament
Lateral collateral ligament

201
Q

Which of the collateral ligaments is in the knee joint capsule?

A

Medial - lateral is outside so damage can leave rest of the joint normal

202
Q

What are the names of the tarsals of the foot?

A 
Talus
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms
203
Q

How are the cuneiforms named?

A

Lateral
Intermediate
Medial

204
Q

What are the tarsal bones in the proximal group?

A

Talus and calcaneus

205
Q

What are the tarsal bones in the intermediate group?

206
Q

What are the tarsal bones in the distal group?

A

Cuboid and cuneiform

207
Q

What rare the structural classifications of joints?

A

1) Fibrous
2) Cartilagenous
3) Synovial

208
Q

What are the functional classifications of joints?

A

1) Synarthroses
2) Amphiarthroses
3) Diathroses

209
Q

What is a synarthrose joint?

A

Immovable joints, mostly fibrous e.g. skull sutures

210
Q

What are amphiarthrose joints?

A

Slightly moveable joints, mostly cartilgenous e.g. intervertebral discs

211
Q

What are diarthrose joints?

A

Freely moveable joints, mostly synovial e.g. the hip

212
Q

Where do sutures occur?

A

Only between the bones of the skull

213
Q

What can synarthrosis joints be split into?

A

1) Suture
2) Syndesmosis
3) Gomphosis

214
Q

What can amphiarthrosis be split into?

A

1) Synchondrosis

2) Symphysis

215
Q

What are syndesmoses?

A

Where bones are connected by a cord (ligament) or sheet (interosseus membrane) of fibrous tissue

216
Q

What are gomphoses?

A

A peg-in-socket fibrous joint found only in tooth articulation

217
Q

What are synchondroses?

A

Bones that are directly connected by hyaline cartilage

218
Q

What are symphyses?

A

Where the connecting cartilage is a pad or plate of fibrocartilage e.g. intervertebral disc

Phase 1 Cards (13 decks)

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