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USMLE PREP!!!! > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Neural tube arises from

A

invagination of the neural plate

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2
Q

Neural crest cells give rise to

A

PNS & Schwann cells

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3
Q

Neuroectoderm gives rise to

A

CNS, ependymal cells, oligodendroglia, astrocytes

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4
Q

Lumen of the neural tube gives rise to

A

ventricles & spinal cord canal

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5
Q

Choroid plexus (location, produces?)

A

lines the ventricles & produced CSF

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6
Q

What structure drains CSF from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?

A

Interventricular foramen of Monro

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7
Q

What structure drains CSF from the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle?

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

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8
Q

What structure drains CSF from the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?

A

Foramina of Magendie & Luschka

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9
Q

What serum marker would be elevated if there was failure of the neural tube to close?

A

AFP

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10
Q

What supplement if given prior to conception helps prevent neural tube defects?

A

Folate

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11
Q

Anencephaly pathogenesis

A

anterior neural tube malformation -> failure of the skull & brain (forebrain) to form

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12
Q

Anencephaly S/S

A

Open calvarium -> ‘frog-like’ appearance, polyhydramnios, high AFP

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13
Q

Spina Bifida pathogenesis

A

failure of the posterior vertebral arch to close (bony spinal canal fails to close)

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14
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta S/S

A

dimpling or hair patch over vertebral defect

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15
Q

Spina Bifida - Meningocele

A

cystic protrusion of the meninges through the vertebral defect

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16
Q

Spina Bifida - Meningomyelocele

A

cystic protrusion of the meninges & spinal cord through the vertebral defect

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17
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct Stenosis pathogenesis

A

congenital stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct leading to failure to drain CSF from 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle

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18
Q

What structure signals for the formation of the neural plate?

A

notochord induced overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm -> neural plate

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19
Q

The notochord gives rise to

A

nucleus pulpous of the IV disc

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20
Q

What time period during embryogenesis does neural development begin?

A

Days 18-21: Notochord -> Induction of Neural plate -> invaginates to form Neural tube + neural crest cells

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21
Q

Dorsal portion of the spinal cord (alar plate) forms

A

sensory neurons

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22
Q

Ventral portion of the spinal cord (basal plate) forms

A

motor neurons

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23
Q

Microglia arise from

A

mesoderm

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24
Q

CSF is produced by

A

ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

25
Q

What marker serves as a confirmatory test for neural tube defects?

A

Elevated Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in amniotic fluid

26
Q

Anencephaly Risk Factors

A

Maternal diabetes (type I), low folate

27
Q

Neural tube defects result from the failure of ___________ during week _____

A

Neuropore fusion during week 4

28
Q

Dandy-Walker Malformation pathogenesis

A

failure of the cerebellar vermis to develop -> small cerebellum + enlarged 4th ventricle

29
Q

Dandy-Walker Malformation association w/

A

hydrocephalus, spina bifida

30
Q

Arnold-Chiari Malformation (type II) pathogenesis

A

herniation of cerebellar tonsils & vermis through the foramen magnum

31
Q

Arnold-Chiari Malformation (type II) S/S

A

obstructed CSF -> hydrocephalus

32
Q

Arnold-Chiari Malformation (type II) is associated w/

A

meningocele & paralysis below

33
Q

Holoprosencephaly pathogenesis

A

failure of the L&R hemispheres to divide

34
Q

Holoprosencephaly S/S

A

moderate - cleft palate/lip

severe - cyclops

35
Q

Holoprosencephaly may be d/t to what genetic mutation

A

SHH signaling pathway mutation

36
Q

From what structures did the Cerebral Hemispheres arise?

A

Forebrain (prosencephalon) –> Telencephalon

37
Q

From what structures did the Thalamus arise?

A

Forebrain (prosencephalon) –> Diencephalon

38
Q

From what structures did the Midbrain arise?

A

Mesencephalon

39
Q

From what structures did the Pons arise?

A

Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon) –> Metencephalon

40
Q

From what structures did the Cerebellum arise?

A

Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon) –> Metencephalon

41
Q

From what structures did the Medulla arise?

A

Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon) –> Myelencephalon

42
Q

Syringomyelia pathogenesis

A

cystic cavity w/in the spinal cord at C8-T10, affecting the STT anterior commissural fibers

43
Q

Syringomyelia S/S

A

pain & temp sensation loss in a “cape-like” distribution over the UEs (fine touch preserve red via DC-ML), HA, cerebellar Sx

44
Q

Syringomyelia may be associated w/

A

Chiari type I

45
Q

Sensation to the anterior 2/3 of tongue is via

A

CN V3

46
Q

Taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is via

A

CN 7

47
Q

Taste & Sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is via

A

CN 9

48
Q

Motor innervation to the tongue is via

A

CN 12

49
Q

Nissl Substance stains _________ & shows up in what parts of the neuron?

A

RER; stains the dendrite & cell body (not axon)

50
Q

Complications of Syringomyelia

A

Anterior horn -> LMN involvement -> muscle atrophy, weakness, low tone & reflexes
Lateral horn -> hypothalamospinal tract involvement -> Horner’s Syndrome

51
Q

Anterior 2/3 of the tongue is derived from

A

branchial arches 1-2

52
Q

Posterior 1/3 of the tongue is derived from

A

branchial arches 3-4

53
Q

Wallerian Degeneration

A

axonal injury response -> degeneration distal & axonal retraction proximally

54
Q

Poliomyelitis - damage to which part of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior motor horn

55
Q

Poliomyelitis S/S

A

LMN signs -> flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, fasciculations, weakness, low tone & reflexes, Negative Babinski

56
Q

Werdnig-Hoffman Disease pathogenesis

A

anterior motor horn degeneration (AR)

57
Q

Werdnig-Hoffman Disease S/S

A

“floppy baby” -> death w/in a few years

58
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis pathogenesis

A

sporadic, rarely familial, degeneration of the UMN & LMN Corticospinal tract

USMLE PREP!!!! (7 decks)

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