Neuro Flashcards
Sturge-Weber syndrome
Congenital, non-inherited, inactivation of GNAQ gene, development issue with NC derivatives; affects capillary (port-wine stain), ipsi leptomeningeal angioma (seizures/epilepsy/intellectual disability), episcleral hemangioma (glaucoma)
Tuberous sclerosis
Hamartomas in CNS/skin, ash-leaf spots, rhabdomyoma/MR, mental retardation/seizures, renal angiomyolipoma
Neurofibromatosis type 1
Mutated NF1 tumor suppressor gene (neurofibromin, a negative regulator of RAS) on c17; skin tumors (from NC cells), cafe-au-lait spots, lische nodules, optic gliomas
von Hippel-Lindau disase
Hemangioblastomas (high vascularity with hyperchromatic nuclei) in retina, brain stem, cerebellum, spine; angiomatosis (e.g. cavernous hemangiomas), b/l RCC, pheo
GBM
Cerebral hemisphere, crosses corpus callosum, astrocytes stain for GFAP; histo: “pseudopalisading” pleomorphic tumor cells
Meningioma
Arachnoid cells, extra-axial, and may have dural “tail;” histo: spindle cells concentrically arranged in a whorled pattern with psammoma bodies (laminated calcification)
Hemangioblastoma
Cerebellar; a.w. von Hippel-Lindau syndrome if found with retinal angioma; produces EPO - polycythemia; histo: closely arranged, thin-walled capillaries with minimal intervening parenchyma
Schwannoma
Cerebellopontine angle, often CNVIII, S-100. If b/l vestibular, suspect NF-2
Oligodendroglioma
Frontal lobes; chicken-wire capillary pattern with oligodendrocytes with fried-egg cells
Pilocytic astrocytoma
Posterior fossa, well-circumscribed, GFAP-positive, benign; histo: rosenthal fibers (eosinophilic, corkscrew fibers), cystic
Medulloblastoma
Cerebellar, highly malignant; can compress 4th ventricle and cause hydrocephalus, can “drop metastasis” into spinal cord; histo: homer-wright rosettes, small blue cells,
Ependymoma
4th ventricle, ependymal cell, cause hydrocephalus, poor prognosis; histo: characteristic perivascular rosettes, rod-shaped blepharoplasts (basal cilary bodies) near nucleus
Craniopharyngioma
Supratentorial, derived from Rathke pouch remnants, may be confused with pituitary adenoma; histo: calcifications
Cingulate herniation
Under falx cerebri; compress ACA
Transtentorial herniation
Caudal displacement of brain step, rupture of paramedian basilar artery branches, duret hemorrhages, usually fatal
Uncal herniation
Medial temporarl lobe, compresses ipsi CN III, ipsi PCA, contra crus cerebri (ipsi paresis)
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Compression of brain stem, coma and death
Ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL)
spinothalamic tract (P/T), medial lemniscus (position/propprioception); primary somatosensory cortex
Ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM)
Trigeminal, taste pathways; primary sensory cortext
Lateral geniculate body
Opitc nerve; visual cortex (calcarine sulcus)
Medial geniculate body
Superior olivary nucleus/inferior colliculus of the pons; auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
Which sense does not have a relay nucleus in the thalamus
Smell
Three DA systems, function, and related disease
Mesolimbic-mesocortical/regulates behavior/schizophrenia; nigrostriatal/coordination of voluntary movements/ Parkinsonism; tuberinfundibular/prolactin secretion/hyperproactinemia
GABA receptors types/location
GABAa: brain, ion channel; GABAb: brain, g-protein; GABAc: retina, ion channel