first assessment Flashcards
paget’s dz of bone increases risk of
osteosarcoma; destruction of normal bone pattern, mixed radiodense/radiolucent areas, periosteal new bone formation, lifting of the cortex, “sunburst” pattern of adjacentsoft tissue
radiographic sign of avascular necrosis
crescent sign (subchondral collapse)
globus hystericus
sensation of a “lump in the throat” with no exam findings
vitamin A toxicity
micrcephaly, cardiac anomalies, early epiphyseal closure, growth retardation, spontaneous abortion
DNA laddering
used to distinguish apoptotic cells from necrotic cells; during karyorrhexis, endonucleases degrade DNA into 180 base pair fragments, equally spaced on gel electrophoresis
physostigmine
cholinesterase inhibitor
atropine
competitive inhibitor of acetylcholine
pralidoxime
antidote to organophosphorus anticholinesterase that inhibit cholinesterase through phosphorylation
anticholinergic toxicity
confusion, blurred vision, dry MM, intense thirst
acute promyelocytic leukemia
t(15,17)
burkitt lymphoma
round nuclei with basophilic cytoplasm containing prominent lipid vacuoles; t(8,14)
chronic myelogenous leukemia
immature myeloid cells t(9,22)
acute lymphocytic leukemia
t(12,21)
follicular lymphoma
malignant cells with notches or clefts; t(14,18)
IL-2 produced by, moa
antigen-stimulated T cells; stimulate growht and differentiation of T cells (binds IL-2R), B cells, NK cells, and macrophages
IL-1 produced by, moa
macrophages, activates lymphocytes and stimulates systemic illness (fever, lethargy, anorexia)
TNF-alpha produced by, fxn
activated macrophages, induces systemic inflammatory response (and in high levels, causes shock)
interferon-alpha produced by, fxn
monocytes, macrophages, B cells, NK cells; antiviral functions (replication inhibition w/i cells, protection of uninfected cells, and stimulation of cytotix lymphocyte and NK cell antiviral activity)
GM-CSF produced by, fxn
macrophages, t cells, Nk cells, mast cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts; stimulates rpoduction of granulocytes and monocytes
cadherins
Ca-dependent transmembrane proteins that participate in desmosome formation with cadherins of adjoining cells; do not parcitipate in hemidesmosome function
hemidesmosomes structure, fxn
integrin-mediated binding to basement membrane (type 4 collagen), facilitated by fibronectin
acid chyme in duodenum triggers what response?
- gallbladder bile release, and 2. stimulates S-cells in the crypts of lieberkuhn to release secretin into systemic circulation which stimulate pancreas to release bicarb-rich fluid (via CL/bicarb exchange protein on the apical surface of the pancreatic cells)
endometritis
uterus infection; fever, leukocytosis, uterine tenderness and foul discharge; most commonly caused by bacteroides
nunmular eczema
occurs in xerosis (dry skin); pw pruritic, coin-shaped, erythematous patches