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Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

sensation with no thalamic relay

A

olfaction (CNI)

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2
Q

VPL nucleus

A

spinothalamic tract (pain and temperature) and medial lemniscus/dorsal columns (position and proprioception)

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3
Q

VPM nucleus

A

trigeminal and gustatory pathway

-FACE SENSATION, TASTE

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4
Q

LGN

A

relay nucleus for VISION

-receives impulses from the optic nerve and transmits via optic radiations to visual cortex (calcarine sulcus)

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5
Q

MGN

A

input from superior olivary nucleus and inferior colliculus of the pons-relay for HEARING

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6
Q

VL

A

input form basal ganglia, cerebellum

MOTOR info to motor cortex

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7
Q

opiods gen mech

A

G protein linked receptors that

open K, close ca2+ channels decreasing synaptic transmission and release of Ach, Ne, 5HT, glutamate, substance P

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8
Q

Benzos gen mech

A

allosterically bind and modulate GABA receptor-Cl channel in CNS-increasing frequency of opening
-influx of Cl–less excitable
anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, sedatives-hynotics
-benzo tolrance via downregulation of GABA receptors

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9
Q

barbituates gen mech

A

bind and increase GABA receptor-Cl channel opening in CNS (bind at different site than benzos do)

  • at high doses cause direct gating of the ion channels (ie channel opening without the need of GABA to bind as well)
  • cause more hangover
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10
Q

drugs to avoid with lithium use

A 
thiazide diuretics (working at DCT therefore not loop), ACEi, NSAIDs
increase lithium levels and more likely to cause lithium toxicity
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11
Q

triptans mech

A

serotonin 5ht agonists that lead to inhibition of vasoactive substance release (ie substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)) , vasoconstriction and block pain pathways

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12
Q

SSRIs

A

block presynaptic serotonin reuptake

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13
Q

TCAs/SNRIs

A

block serotonin/NE PREsynaptic reuptake

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14
Q

buproprion

A

blocks presynaptic dopamine and NE reuptake

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15
Q

phenytoin mech

A

reduces ability of Na channels to recover from inactivating, reducing overall firing

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16
Q

carbamezapine mech

A

increases Na refractory period making longer inactivation and decreasing AP firing

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17
Q

free nerve endings

A

pain/temperature
c-slow unmelyinated type
Adelta-fast, myelinated type
on all skin, some viscera

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18
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

dynamic, fine/light touch, position sense
large myelinated fibers, adapt quickly
on glabrous (hairless) skin

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19
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

vibration/pressure
large myelinated fibers, adapt quickly
deep skin layers, ligaments, joints

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20
Q

Merkel discs

A

pressure, deep static touch (shapes/edges), position sense

large myelinated fibers adapt slowly, fingertips, superficial skin

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21
Q

RUffini corpuscles

A

pressure, slippage of objects along joint skin, joint angle change
dendritic endings with capsule, adapt slowly
fingertips, joints

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22
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

GABA

down in HD, anxiety

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23
Q

locus ceruleus

A

NE
up in anxiety
down in depression

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24
Q

ventral tegmentum and SN pars compacta

A

dopamine
up in HD
down in PD, depression

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25
Q

Raphe nuclei (pons, medulla, midbrain)

A

serotonin

down in depression, anxiety

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26
Q

basal nuclei of myenert

A

ACh
down in alzheimers, huntintons
up in PD

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27
Q

tongue innervation

A

taste: ant 2/3 VII via chorda typmani, post 1/3 IX (glossopharyngeal)
Pain: ant 2/3 via V3 mandibular, post 1/3 IX
motor: styloglossus (taco) genoglossus, hypoglossus via XII hypoglossal, palatoglossal via X

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28
Q

organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis

A

OVLT
in hypothalamus
-area not protected by BBB
-senses change in osmolarity

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29
Q

area postrema

A

in hypothalamus
not protected by BBB
-responds to emetics

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30
Q

supraoptic nuclues

A

in hypothalamus

makes ADH

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31
Q

paraventricular nucleus

A

in hypothalamus

makes oxytocin

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32
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

hunger

-if injured anorexia, FTT in infants

33
Q

ventromedial area of hypothalamus

A

satiety (stimulated by leptin)

-if injured majes you fat

34
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

cooling, parasympathetic

35
Q

posterior hypothalamus

A

heating, parasymptathetic

if injured-cold blooked “poikilotherm”

36
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

circadian rhythmm

-causes NE release which acts on the pineal gland to release melatonin

37
Q

At night, BATS Drink Blood

A

Sleep cycle EEG pattern:
Awake (eyes open): Beta
Awake (eyes closed): Alpha
NREM stage 1: theta
NREM stage 2: sleep spindles and K complexes
NREM stage 3: delta (lowest frequency, high amp)
REM: Beta

38
Q

kluver bucy syndrome

A

damage to amygdala

disinhibted personality, hypersexual, hyperphagia, hyperorality

39
Q

gerstmann syndrome

A

damage to dominant parietal-temporal lobe

-agraphia, acalcula, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation

40
Q

wing beating tremor, psychosis, cirrhosis

A

wilsons dz

damage to lentiform nucleus -putamen, GP

41
Q

clasp knife spasticity

A

damage to internal capsule-get initial resistance then release
no upper motor block of spinal stretch reflex

42
Q

central post stroke pain syndrome

A

after thalamic stroke, allodyina and dysesthesia (pain with things that would normally not cause any pain)

43
Q

riluzole

A

treatment for ALS

glutamate antagonist

44
Q

B12 vs tabes dorsalis

A

B12-demyelination of spinocerebellar, dorsal columns, corticospinal
Tabes dorsalis-demyelination of dorsal columns

45
Q

poliomyeltis csf

A

increase WBC
slight increase in protein
no change in glucose
-damage to anterior horns (LMN)

46
Q

SMA-werdnigg hoffman

A

AR
LMN destruction of anterior horns
death by 7 months
floppy baby

47
Q

parinaud syndrome

A

paralysis of conjugate verticla gaze due to lesion of superior colliculus (commonly pinealoma ie germinoma or aqeuductal compression-obstructive hydrocephalous

48
Q

APP, prenisilin 1, presnisilin 2

A

increased risk for early onset AD

APP=amyloid precursor protein

49
Q

Apoe4

A

increased risk of AD

50
Q

Apoe2

A

decreased risk of AD

51
Q

CSF in GBS

A

increased protein with normal cell count

albuminocytologic dissociation

52
Q

Krabbe disease

A

AR lysosomal storage disorder due to deficiency of galactocerebrosidase leading to the buildup of galactocerebroside and psychosine which destroy myelin
-p/w peripheral neuropathy, developmental delay, optic atrophy, globoid cells

53
Q

metachromic leukodystrophy

A

AR lysosomal storage disorder due to deficiency of arylsulfatase A with resulting buildup of sulfatides, impaired production and destruciton of myelin sheath
-central AND peripheral demylination with ataxia and dementia

54
Q

progressive multifocal leukodystrophy PML

A 
associated with JC virus 
CNS disruption of oligodendrocytes 
in AIDS pts 
rapidly progressive usually fatal 
increased risk with natalizumab rituximab
55
Q

adrenoleukodystrophy

A

AR
disruption of metabolism of long chain fatty acids leading to excess buildup in nervous system, adrenal glands, testes,
can lead to long term coma/death and adrenal crisis

56
Q

STURGE

A 
Sporadic, port wine Stain 
Tram track calcification 
Unilateral 
Retardation
Glaucoma, GNAQ gene 
Epilepsy
57
Q

HAMARTOMAS

A 
Hamartomas in CNS and skin 
Angiofibromas/angiomyolipomas (bilateral) 
Mitral regurgitation 
Ash leaf spots 
Rhabdomyoloma (cardiac)
TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS
dOminant (autosomal)
Mental retardation
Angiomyolipomas 
Seizures/shaggreen patches 
increased incidence of subependymal astrocytomas and ungual fibromas(growth under toes/fingernails)
58
Q

von Hippel Lindau diseae

A

Autosomal Dominant
hemangioblastomas (in retina, cerebellum, brainstem, spine)
pheochromocytomas
angiomatosis (cavernous hemangiomas in skin, mucosa, organs)
bilateral renal cell carcinomas

59
Q

Neurofibromatosis I

A 
NFI gene on chromosome 17 
cafe au lait 
lisch nodules(pigmented iris hamartomas)
cutaneous neurofibromas 
optic gliomas
pheochromocytoma
60
Q

GBM

A

grade IV astrocytoma, highly malignant
stain for GFAP
-histo: pseudopalisading pleomorphic tumor cells-border central ares of necrosis and hemorrhage

61
Q

Meningoma

A

near surfaces of brain, extra-axial, arises from arachnoid cells-
+/- tail=dural attachment
histo: spindle cell, concentrically in whorled pattern, psamomma bodies

62
Q

oligodendroglioma

A

chicken wire pattern of capillaries

  • slow growing usually at frontal lobe
  • fried eggs-round nuclei with clear cytoplasm
63
Q

pilocytic astrocytoma

A

low grade-usually in posterior fossa (ie cerebellum)
GFAP +, low grade
-histo: rosenthal fibers-eosinophilic corkscrew fibers, spindle cells with hairlike glial processes
-cystic + solid (gross)

64
Q

medulloblastoma

A

highly malignant cerebellar tumor
possibility of drop mets, obstructive hydrocephalous
-histo: homer wright rosettes, small blue cells (deeply basophilic with scant cytoplasm), sheets of primitive cells with many mitotic figures

65
Q

ependymoma

A 
usually in 4th ventricle
causes obs hydrocephalous, 
GFAP 
poor prognosis
histo: perivascular resettes, rod shaped blepharoplasts (basal ciliary bodies) found near nucleus
66
Q

craniopharyngioma

A

causes bitemporal hemianopia
HA, visual changes, growth failure,
from rathke pouch remants
-cystic calcification

67
Q

uncal/transtentorial herniation

A

ipsi fixed/dilated pupil
ipsi oculomotor paralysis (down and out)
ispi hemiparesis–>contra corticospinal tract (contra crus cerebri) at Kernohan notch
contra homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing (PCA)

68
Q

cingulate (subfalcine) herniation under falx cerebri

A

can compress ACA (lower motor weakness)

69
Q

cribiform plate

A

CNI

70
Q

superior orbital fissure

A

CN III, IV, V1, VI

71
Q

foramen rotundum

A

V2

72
Q

foramen ovale

A

V3

73
Q

optic canal

A

CN II

74
Q

foramen spinosum

A

Middle meningeal artery

75
Q

internal auditory meatus

A

CN VII, VIII

76
Q

jugular foramen

A

CN IX, X, XI

77
Q

foramen mangum

A

spinal roots of CN XI

78
Q

hypoglossal canal

A

CN XII

79
Q

varibale opthalmoplegia, decreased corneal sensation, Horner syndrome, occasional decreased maxillary sensation

A

cavernous sinus syndrome

  • 2/2 pituitary tumor, carotid cavernous fistula, cavernous sinus thrombosis related to infection
  • CN VI most susceptible

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