Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Step 1 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

most common ectopic thyroid tissue site

A

tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

foamen cecum

A

normal remnant of thyroglossal duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

alpha subunit of AP hormones

A

hormone subunit common to TSH, LH, FSH, hCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

beta subunit of AP hormones

A

determines hormone specificity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

GLUT 1

A

RBC, brain, cornea Insulin independent glucose transporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

GLUT 2

A

bidirectional insulin independent glucose transporter on beta islet cells, liver, kidney, small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

GLUT 3

A

insulin independent glucose transporter in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

GLUT 5

A

insulin independent fructose transporter in spermatocytes, GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what cell type always uses glucose for energy even in starvation

A

RBCs-lack mitochondria so cannot use ketone bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why should beta blockers be avoided in diabetics?

A

if theyre nonselective they can stop hepatic gluconeogenesis leading to hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does TRH do?

A

secreted by hypothalamus and increases TSH and Prolactin secretion from the AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GH induces its effects via

A

JAK STAT receptor tyrosine kinase, increases IGF transcription and production in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when is growth hormone secretion highest

A

during sleep and exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what causes a decrease in GH release

A

glucose and somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

laron dwarfism

A

defective GH receptor leading to diminished linear growth, increase GH and decreased IGF1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ghrelin

A

stimulates hunger and GH release, increased in Prader Willi and with sleep loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

leptin

A

produced by adipose tissue and send satiety signal, decreased with decreased sleep, decreased during starvation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

endocannabinoids

A

stimulate cortical reward centers and increase desire for high fat food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A 
monitors BP (V1 receptors) and serum osmolarity (V2 receptors)-osmolarity via aquaporin channel insertion in principal cells of the renal collecting duct 
-regulated primarily by osmoreceptor in the hypothalamus and secondarily by hypovolemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cortisol effects

A

BIG FIB
increase in blood pressure, insulin resistance, gluconeogenesis
decrease in fibroblast activity, inflammatory and immune response, bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does increase pH effect Ca

A

increases negative charge of albumin, increasing its affinity to bind to calcium leading to decreased free ionized calicium and symptoms of hypocalcemia including bone cramps, pain, paresthesia and carpopedal spasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does PTH increase Ca via bone breakdown

A

increases production of macrophage stimulating factor and RANK ligand (by osteoblast) which binds RANK receptor on osteoclasts and increases their activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

intermittent PTH causes

A

bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what stimulates PTH secretion

A

decrease ca, increased phos, increased Mg (diarrhea, aminoglycosides, alcohol abuse, diuretics) ***although really low levels of Mg decrease PTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

endocrine hormones that use cAMP

A

FLAT ChAMP

FSH LH ACTH TSH CRH hCG ACTH MSH PTH + calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

IP3 endocrine hormones

A

GOAT HAG

GnRH Oxytocin ADH TRH Histamine (H1) Angiotensin II Gastrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

endocrine hormones with intracellular receptors

A

VETTT CAP

Vitamin D Estrogen Testosterone T3/T4 Cortisol Aldosterone Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Endo hormones with intrinsic tyrosine kinase

A

Insulin, IGF 1, FGF, PDGF, EGF

MAP kinase pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

receptor associated tyrosine kinase

A

PIGGlET
Prolactin Immunomodulators (cytokines, interleukins, IFN) GH, G CSF, Erythropoietin, Thrombopoietin
JAK STAT pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

systemic effects of T3

A

bone growth
CNS maturation
increase beta1 in heart=increase CO, HR, SV, Contractility
increase basal metabolic rate via Na/K atpase activity=increase O2 consumption, RR, body temp
increase glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

hepatic failure effect on TBG

A

decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

TBG in pregnancy/OCP/hormone replacement therapy

A

increase

33
Q

5 deiodinase

A

converts T4-T3 in peripheral tissues

34
Q

wolff chaikoff effect

A

excess iodine temporaroly inhibits peroxidase activity–> decrease idonine organification and therefore decrease T3/T4

35
Q

conn syndrome

A

aldosterone hyperactivity 2/2 adrenal hyperplasia

hypokalemia, hypertension, muscle weakness, paresthesia and hypokalemic paresis

36
Q

metyrapone stimulation test

A

last step of cortisol synthesis is blocked, in normal person will result in decrease in cortisol and increase in ACTH, in adrenal insufficiency ACTH will not raise

37
Q

primary chronic adrenal insufficiency

A

Addison disease

-adrenal atrophy or destruciton by a disease-autoimmune, TB, metastasis

38
Q

shock, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, with nuchal rigidity, petechial rash

A

Waterhouse friderichsen syndrome secondary to Neisseria menigitidis
-hemmorhage assocaited with speticemia, DIC, or endotoxic shock

39
Q

tertiary adrenal insufficiency

A

caused by abrupt exogenous steroid withdrawal, aldosterone synthesis unaffected

40
Q

abd distension with firm irregular mass that crosses midline in child

A

neuroblastoma-neural crest cell derivative

as opposed to wilms tumor (smooth and unilateral)

41
Q

opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome

A

dancing eyes dancing feet-neuroblastoma

assocaited with n myc overexpression

42
Q

bombesin and neuron specific enolase +

A

neuroblastoma

43
Q

what common pain relief medication should be avoided in hyperthyroidism

A

NSAID/ibuprofen-can displace t3/t4 form TBP and increase thyrotoxic state
-acetominophen is preferred instead

44
Q

hashimoto thyroiditis increased risk of what canecer

A

non hodgkin lymphoma

45
Q

hurthle cells with lymphoid aggregates and germinal centers on thyroid histo

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis (on exam enlarged nontender thyroid)

46
Q

increase ESR, jaw pain, very tender thyroid

A

deQuervain thyroiditis (subacute thyroiditis) self limited usually following flu like illness and

histo: granulomatous infiltration
- iodine uptake would show diffuse decrease in iodine uptake
treatment: NSAIDs

47
Q

fixed hard painless goiter with sx of hypothyroid

A

Riedel thyroiditis

  • thyroid replaced by fibrous tissues-fibrosis can extend to local structures and mimic anaplastic carcinoma
  • a manifestation of IgG disease-autoimmune pancreatitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, noninfectious aortitis
48
Q

jod basedow phenomenon

A

thyrotoxicosis if a patient with iodine deficiency goiter is made iodine replete

49
Q

empty appearing nuceli with central clearing, psamomma bodies, nuclear grooves

A

papillary carcinoma-lyphatic invasion is common

history of radiation as a child, RET BRAF mutations

50
Q

uniform follicle with capsular invasion

A

follicular carcinoma

51
Q

sheets of cells in an amyloid stroma/uniform polyglonal or spindle shaped cells

A

medullary carcinoma
hematogenous spread
produces calcitonin
MEN 2A, 2B RET gene

52
Q

markes pleomorphism, irregular giant cells, biphasic spindle cells

A

anaplastic/undifferentiated carcinoma

53
Q

hypocalcemia, sortened 4th/5th digits, short stature

A

Albright hereditary osteodystrophy

-unresponsiveness of kidney to PTH

54
Q

familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

A

defective ca receptor on parathyroid cells
-PTH cannot be suppressed by increase in ca2+
miild hypercalcemia with nml to high PTH, hypocalciuria

55
Q

cystic bone spaces filled with brown fibrous tissue consisting of hemosiderin from hemorrhages

A

osteitis fibrosa cystica

56
Q

atrophy or compression of pituitary

A

empty sella syndrome often idiopathic, common in obese women

57
Q

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules

A

chronic complication of Diabetes, Nodular glomerulosclerosis

58
Q

increased beta hydroxybutyrate

A

a ketone body intermediate and a sign of insulin deficiecncy

59
Q

dermatitis, DVT, depression, diabetes

A

glucagonoma, tumor of pancreatic alpha cells causing excess of glucagon

60
Q

low blood glucose, symptoms of hypoglycemia, resolution of symptoms after normalization of glucose levels

A

insulinoma

-decreaed blood glucose and increase C peptide

61
Q

recurrent diarrhea, cutaneous flushin, asthmatic wheezing, right sided valvular disease

A

Carcinoid syndrome-increase 5 hydroxyindoleactic acid in urine, niacin deficiency (pellagra)
tx: surgical resection and somatostatin, octreotide

62
Q

secretin stimulation test

A

used to diagnose zollinger ellison syndrome-gastrinoma, give pts secretin and see if gastrin levels remain elevated

63
Q

MEN 1

A

parathyroid
pituitary (prolactin or GH)
pancreatic (gastrinoma, insulinoma, VIPomas, glucagonomas)
MEN 1 gene

64
Q

MEN2a

A

parathyroid, pheochromocytoma, medullaruy thyroid cancer

RET gene

65
Q

MEN 2b

A

pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis RET gene

66
Q

rapid actin insulin

A

aspart, glulisine, lispro-monomeric form so work faster than regular insulin (hexamer)
se: hypersensitivity, hypoglycemia rare

67
Q

intermediating acting insulin

A

NPH

68
Q

long acting insulin

A

detemir and glargine (no peak)

once a day dosing

69
Q

metformin

A

biguanide, mech not known
decreased gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, increase peripheral glucose uptake (increase inculin sensitivity)
SE: GI upset, lactic acidosis (not used in renal or liver insufficieny)
causes weight loss

70
Q 
chlorpropamide
tolbutamine
glimepiride 
glipizide 
glyburide
A

sulfonylureas

  • close K channel in beta cells, causing membrane depolarization and increase insulin release with ca influx
  • stimuelat the release of insulin used in T2DM (need some islet fuction)
    se: risk of hypoglycemia in renal failure, first generation: disulfiram like effects, second generation hypoglycemia
71
Q

pioglizatone, rosiglitazone

A

bind PPARgamma an dincrease insulin sensitivity via adipnoectin, T2DM se: weight gain, hepatotoxicity, HF increased risk of fractures

72
Q

exenatide

A

GLP1 analog

increse insulin and decrease glucagon release used in T2DM se: nausea, vomitting, pancreatitis

73
Q

linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin

A

DPP4 inhibitors
increase insulin, decrease glucagon release
used in T2DM
se: mild urinary or respiratory infections

74
Q

pramlintide

A

amylin analog
-decreases gastric emptying
used in T2DM
se: glucosuria, UTIs, vaginal yeast infections

75
Q

acarbose, miglitol

A

alpha glucosidase inhibitors
-acarbose, miglitol
inhibit brush border alpha glucosidass causing delayed carbohydrate hydrolysis and glucose absorption
decrease postprandial hyperglycemia
se: GI disturbances, not used in IBD, colonic ulceration, intestinal obstruction

76
Q

cinacalcet

A

sensitizes Ca sensing receptors in parathyroid gland to circulating Ca2+ and decreased PTH, used in hypercalcemia due to primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism
toxicity: hypocalcemia

77
Q

demeclocycline

A

ADH antagonist
SIADH
toxicity: nephrogenic DI, photosensitivity, abnormalities of the bone and teeth

78
Q

somatostatin used for

A

acromegaly, carcinoid syndrome, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, esophageal varices

79
Q

conivaptan, tolvaptan

A

ADH antagonists used for SIADH, block the action of ADH at the V2 receptor

Step 1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions