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Phase 1 definitions > neuro > Flashcards

neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Fissure or sulcus

A

Deep folds in the cortex

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2
Q

Gyrus

A

Upwards fold of cortex

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3
Q

Blood supply of brain

A

Internal carotids and vertebral arteries

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4
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Stimulates a response

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5
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Inhibits a response

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6
Q

Efferent neurone

A

Motor, taking info from CNS to periphery’s

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7
Q

Afferent neurone

A

Sensory, taking info from peripheries to cns

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8
Q

Types of nerve cell

A

Cells which transmit impulses from one area to another. Pyramidal, stellate, Golgi, basket and purkinje

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9
Q

Where does aqueous humour drain out of

A

The canal of schlemm

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10
Q

Macular lutea

A

Most sensitive area on the retina, also known as the fovea

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11
Q

Noiciceptive pain

A

Pain that arises from actual or threatened damage to non neural tissue and is due to the activation of nociceptors

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12
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction of the nervous system. Eg phantom limb pain

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13
Q

vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

the reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina when the head rotates. this is done by producing eye movements in the opposite direction to head rotation therefore fixing the image on the center of the visual field. OCCURS IN THE INFERIOR COLICULI

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14
Q

acute pain

A

pain for less than 12 weeks

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15
Q

chronic pain

A

pain for more than 12 weeks or one that persists longer than the expected healing time

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16
Q

diurnal variation of pain

A

pattern of pain threshold. It is highest in the morning and lowest at night. This reflects the cortical secretions of beta-endorphin secretions

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17
Q

referred pain

A

when nociceptor afferens activate interneurons pain is experienced away from the injured tissue

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18
Q

pre-frontal gyrus involvement in pain

A

pain awareness

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19
Q

amygdala involvement in pain

A

emotional responce

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20
Q

anterior cingulate gyrus involvement in pain

A

pain sensation

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21
Q

function of the sensorimotor cortex

A

positional awareness of pain

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22
Q

opiods

A

peptides that interact with opoid receptors. Often morphine derived

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23
Q

cannabinoids

A

repress neurotransmitter release in the brain

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24
Q

C fibres

A

unmyelinated, slow conducting pain fibres. Slow pain, burning, aching and dull

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25
Q

Alpha fibres

A

myelinated, fast conducting pain fibres. Fast sharp stinging pain

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26
Q

function of the periaqueductal grey

A

stimulate pain relief. It projects onto the dorsal columns. Recieves inputs from the cortical and sub-cortical areas

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27
Q

cingulate cortex function

A

linked with the limbic system- associated with emotions and memory

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28
Q

function of the insular cortex

A

plays a role in perception, motor control and self-awarenes

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29
Q

action potential

A

a sudden reversal of a membrane from resting potential

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30
Q

temporal summation

A

high frequency action potentals are repeatedly received along one dendrite

31
Q

spatial summation

A

simultaneous stimulation from several pre-synaptic neurones reaching the synapse causing an action potential

32
Q

neuromodulators

A

substances that do not directly activate ion channel receptors but act alongside the neurotransmitters to enhance the excitatory and inhibitory response. Eg dopamine

33
Q

presynaptic modulation

A

this alters the effects of the neurotransmitters at the synapse. Eg opoids inhibiting the release of substance P.

34
Q

agonist

A

a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a response

35
Q

antagonist

A

a chemical that binds to a receptor and inactivates it inhibiting the response

36
Q

graded potential

A

a potential over a short distance where the magnitude of the potential can be changed. They have no threshold or refractory periods

37
Q

involuntary movement

A

facial expressions, hands and fingers, intercostals

38
Q

goal directed movement

A

conscious, explicit and controlled movement

39
Q

habit

A

unconscious implicit autonomic movement

40
Q

motor neuron pod

A

a collection of motor neurons innervating a single skeletal muscle organised somatotophically

41
Q

somatotophic organisation

A

point to point correspondace with the area of the body to place in the cell

42
Q

motor unit

A

a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

43
Q

intrafusal fibres

A

modified connective tissues encapsulaated within the spindle. Innervated by gamma motor neurons

44
Q

extrafusal fibres

A

skeletal fibres which form the bulk of the muscle and generate its force and movement. Innervated by alpha motor neurons

45
Q

nuclear chain fibres

A

respond to how stretched the muscle is

46
Q

nuclear bag fibres

A

respond to the magnitude and speed of the stretch

47
Q

Golgi tendon organ detects

A

tension within a muscle

48
Q

name the deep cerebellar nuclei

A

dentate nucleus, emboliform, fastigal and globase nuclei

49
Q

function of basket cells

A

inhibit purkinje cells

50
Q

function of stellate cells

A

to inhibit purkinje cells

51
Q

purkinje cells

A

sole source of output from the cerebellar cortex.

52
Q

granule cells

A

most numerous neuron cell type in cerebellum. receive input from mossy fibres and project to purkinje fibres, who send inpulses along paralel fibres out.

53
Q

contents of the basal ganglia

A

putamen, external and internal globus pallidus and caudate nucleus

54
Q

isotrophic diffusion

A

diffusion of a substance in all directions

55
Q

anisotrophic diffusion

A

diffusion of a substance into a prticulat area because there is a barrier in place

56
Q

sounds

A

the vibration of molecules in air

57
Q

amplitude

A

the volume of sound

58
Q

frequency

A

the pitch of sound. humans hear between 20-20,000 Hz

59
Q

rarefraction

A

opposite to compression

60
Q

endolymph contains

A

more potassium

61
Q

perilymph is found and contains

A

in the scala tympani and vestibuli It has less potassium

62
Q

anterograde

A

from cell bodies to axon terminals

63
Q

retrograde

A

from axon terminals to cell bodies

64
Q

neural pathways ( on and off)

A

have different glutamate receptors and therefore react differently to glutamate release.

65
Q

red cone wavelength

A

short

66
Q

green cone wavelength

A

medium

67
Q

blue cone wavelenght

A

long

68
Q

function of the cingulate gyrus

A

emotional processing

69
Q

mental health

A

a state of well being in which every individual realises his or own potential to cope with normal stresses and actions of life

70
Q

perceptions

A

the way in which something is regarded/understood

71
Q

hallucinations

A

a perception of an apparent stiumulus which is infact absent

72
Q

stress

A

a state of mental, emotional worry caused by a different situation or somethin which caused this condition

73
Q

2 types of stress

A

distress= bad, eustress= positive

74
Q

karoshi

A

death from overworking

Phase 1 definitions (7 decks)

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