Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 1 definitions > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

example of a long bone

A

femur, humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

example of a irregular bone

A

maxillary, mandibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe primary and secondary bone

A 
primary= trabecular bone, formed from endochondrial ossification, fast process, disorganised structure
secondary= lamellar bone, remodelled, organised structure, good strenght to weight ratios
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

example of a flat bone

A

skull, sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

example of a sesmoid bone

A

patella, hyoid. These are bones within a tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the 4 stages of fracture healing

A
  1. haematoma formation- blood clot forms in bone and periosteal stem cells migrate to fracture site
  2. inflammation- platelets in clot secrete cytokines which attract macrophages etc to the site. Oseoclasts reabsorb bone. Stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts
  3. repair- osteoblasts produce osteiod and fibroblasts produce soft callus.
  4. remodelling. calcified matrix of disorganised woven bone gradually becomes remodelled by the continuous absorption and production of lamella bone.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

give 3 reasons for bone remodelling

A

to obtain more calcium- for example in pregnancy
a response to force- during exercise
to reform the structure after a fracture- reorientate fibrils for mechanical strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

intramembraneous ossification

A

osteoprogenitor cells form clusters in tissues and with the expression of cbfa-1 gene they differentiate into osteoblasts- secrete osteoid- bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

endochondiral ossification

A

osteoblasts secrete osteoid over a cartilagenous bone model, at the emphyseal plate
requires the invasion of blood vessels in the primary ossification site for development to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

give 3 purposes of the skeleton

A

to protect the vital organs
to form joints for movement
to act as a source of minerals- calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the adult bone matrix composition

A

50-70% hydroxyapetite
20-40% type one collagen (bone)
5-10% water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

type one collagen

A

bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

type 2 collagen

A

cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

type 3 collagen

A

forms reticulin, involved in artery formation and wound healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

type 4 collagen

A

basement membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

type 5 collagen

A

fibrils of collagen, also found in the placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

type 6 collagen

A

microfibrillar cross linked collagen molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

extra-articular fracture

A

does not involve the joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

intra-articular fracture

A

involves the joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

principles of fracture management

A
  1. reduce- put bones back together
  2. stabilise- hold the bones together- pins, cast, sling
  3. rehabilitate- physio- enable movement of the joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

name 3 types of fracture fixation

A
  1. intramedullary- nails into the bone from top down to secure fracture together.
  2. external fixation- rings of metal around the bone- pins into the bone to secure it in place
  3. extramedullary- plates and screws
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

define redundacy

A

most functions of cytokines can be performend by many different cytokines. Hence no single cytokine will have limited effects on the system- bad method of treatment

23
Q

define pleiotropism

A

a single cytokine has many different functional effects on many cell types. hence it has a great effect on the system- a good method of treatment

24
Q

autocrine secretion

A

the substance secreted has the effect on the cell itself

25
Q

paracrine secretion

A

the substance secreted has the effect on nearby cells

26
Q

autocrine secretion

A

the substance secreted is released into the plasma and has a greater effect on distant regions of the body

27
Q

equation linking force, deformation of bone and strain

A

strain= change in deformation of bone/ the force the bone is exposed to

28
Q

approximate grams of calcium in the skeleton.

A

1200g. (extracellulary 1g)

29
Q

total serum calcium level

A

2.4mmol/l

30
Q

complexed calcium

A

bound to citrate of phosphate

31
Q

ionised calcium

A

metabolically active calcium

32
Q

non- metabolically active calcium

A

bound to proteins

33
Q

define a fracture

A

a breach in the continuity of bone

34
Q

immediate fracture complications

A

local- vessel/ nerve damage/ infection

general- shock/ fat embolism

35
Q

long term fracture complications

A

local- malunion of fracture/ ischaemia to fracture

general- osteoporosis/ reduced joint mobility/ pressure sores

36
Q

Dietary sources of potassium

A

soy, seeds, nuts, protein

37
Q

fibroblast growth factor 23 is produced in response to what and from where?

A

produced by osteocytes in responce to high potassium levels

38
Q

differences between a tendon and ligament

A

tendon: muscle to bone, has higher collagen content, highly organised fibres
Ligament: bone to bone, worse blood supply, randomly arranged fibres. higher elastin content

39
Q

5 signs of inflammation

A

redness, swelling, hot temperature, loss of function and soreness

40
Q

3 types of investigation into joint pain

A

blood test, urine test, imaging, synovial fluid sample

41
Q

degenerative rheumatology

A

common in elderly people, pain gets worse with use, no inflammation and doesnt respond to NSAIDS

42
Q

inflammatory rheumatology

A

common in young people, pain eases with use, does respond to NSAIDS.

43
Q

composition of ligaments

A

extracellular matrix= 80%
fibroblasts- remodel the extracellular matrix
dense connective tissue to enable the ligament to sustain high tensile strengths
sparse vascularisation- poor healing capacity

44
Q

major component of ligaments and tendon fibres

A

collagen

45
Q

what factor induces the excretion of potassium from the kidneys

A

fibroblast factor-23 which is secreted by osteocytes in response to high phosphate levels

46
Q

fibrous insertion site

A

a ligament or tendon is attached to bone by calcified collagen fibres- sharpey’s fibres.
abrupt change
inserts into intramembranously ossified bone

47
Q

fibrocartilagenous insertion site

A

a ligament or tendon inserts into bone via a more gradual process. Collagenous ligament/tendon becomes fibrocartilage and then mineralised cartilage attaching to the bone
bone is formed by endochondrial ossification

48
Q

name 5 factors affecting the mechanical properties of ligaments and tendons

A
  1. pregnancy- hormones reduce the stiffness
  2. age-
  3. useage- over use/underuse
  4. obesity- increased strain
  5. mobilisation- stiff or extremely supple
49
Q

functional classification of joints and an example for each

A

synarthroses- immobile joints- skull sutures, peg in socket tooth joints
amyarthroses- slightly movable joints- intervertebral discs
diarthroses- freely movable joints- synovial- knee

50
Q

types of fibrous joint

A

sutures- between bones in the skull
syndesmose joints- bones are connected by an interosseous membrane of fibrous tissue
gomphoses joints- peg in socket joint

51
Q

types of cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses- bones connected by hyaline cartilage
symphses– bones are connected by a plate of fibrocartliage
intevertebral discs

52
Q

name 5 components of a typical synovial joint

A 
synovial fluid
menisci
synovial membrane
hyaline cartilage
bursae
53
Q

6 types of synovial joint

A 
hing joint- elbow
saddle joint- carples-metacarples
pivot joint- sacrum
gliding joint- between carples
condyloid joint- between metacarples and phalnges
ball and socket- hip, shoulder

Phase 1 definitions (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions