GI

Question 1

name the 3 structures you will see on a barium swallow

Answer 1

left aorta, left bronchus and aortic arch

Question 2

the gag reflex

Answer 2

the elevation of the pharynx followed by vomiting caused by irritation of the oropharynx at the back of the tongue

Question 3

functions of saliva

Answer 3

maintain ph at 7.2, lubricates food, maintains oral hygeine and immunity by washing away bacteria, aids the digestion of carbohydrates

Question 4

what are the salivary glands inhibited by?

Answer 4

the sympathetic innervation via preganglionic nerves from T1-3 segments

Question 5

how much HCL does the stomach produce per day?

Answer 5

2 L, H+ ion levels in the lumen of the stomach are 150mM. This is 3 times higher than in the blood

Question 6

enterogastrones

Answer 6

local hormones secreted by enterocytes which inhibit gastric secretions and promotes somatostatin secretion

Question 7

peptic ulcer

Answer 7

a breach in a mucosal surface which exposes the underlying tissues to the corrosive action of acids and peptides

Question 8

helicobacter pylori

Answer 8

secretes urease which splits ammonia and CO2. Ammonia and H+ forms ammonium which makes the luminal environment more alkaline enabling survival of the bacteria

Question 9

segmentation

Answer 9

alternating forward and backward movements to further mix digested food and bring it into contact with the intestinal wall

Question 10

migrating motor complex

Answer 10

the movement of the bolus of food from the small intestine into the colon, occurs when segmentation casese

Question 11

peristalsis

Answer 11

rhythmic contractions of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers in the intestinal walls controlled by interstitial pace maker cells of Cajal

Question 12

Gastroparesis

Answer 12

delayed gastric emptying

Question 13

how are carbohydrates stored in muscle and nervous tissue

Answer 13

as glycogen and as glucose respectively

Question 14

leptin

Answer 14

a hormone which controls appeptite/satiety centres in the brain. Low levels stimulates the hypothalamus to increase hunger and appetite feelings

Question 15

malnutrition

Answer 15

a state of nutrition in which the deficiency or excess of energy, protein and other nutrients causes measurable adverse effects on tissue/bodily function

Question 16

obesity

Answer 16

a BMI greater than 30.0

Question 17

bioelectrical impedance

Answer 17

the estimation of body fat mass, fat free mass and water mass

Question 18

microsomal enzymes in the liver

Answer 18

mediate phase one reactions- oxidation, hydrolysis and reduction of toxic substances

Question 19

non-microsomal enzymes in the liver

Answer 19

these mediate phase 2 reactions- conjugation of the metabolites of phase 1 with bodily substances to increase the solubility and reduce the toxicity of the drug

Question 20

name the fat soluble vitamins

Answer 20

A, D, B12

Question 21

where is the largest storage of vitamin K

Answer 21

found in skeletal muscle

Question 22

proteolysis

Answer 22

the hydrolysis of proteins- mostly occurs in the duodenum

Question 23

positive nitrogen balance

Answer 23

nitrogen intake is greater than excretion

Question 24

negative nitrogen balance

Answer 24

nitrogen intake is less than excretion

Question 25

where can beta oxidation of fatty acids occur?

Answer 25

mitochondria to produce energy, in perioxisomes to detoxify fatty acids from the blood or in microsomes which converts saturated fats into unsaturated fats

Question 26

main supply to the liver is from?

Answer 26

portal vein

Question 27

zone one of hepatocyte cells function is

Answer 27

oxidative metabolism, gluconeogenesis and bile formation

Question 28

zone 2 of hepatocyte cell

Answer 28

a transitional zone

Question 29

function of zone hepatocyte cells

Answer 29

glycogen synthesis, glycolysis and anaerobic metabolism

Question 30

components of bile include

Answer 30

cholesterol, bile pigments, bile salts and phospholipids

Question 31

components of chylomicrons

Answer 31

cholesterol, apolipoproteins and fatty acids

Question 32

blood supply to the gall bladder

Answer 32

from the cystic artery- there is no venous drainage

Question 33

where does nutrients absorbed from the GI tract go?

Answer 33

into the capillaries and then venous circulation to be pumped back around the body to respiring tissues.