GI Flashcards
name the 3 structures you will see on a barium swallow
left aorta, left bronchus and aortic arch
the gag reflex
the elevation of the pharynx followed by vomiting caused by irritation of the oropharynx at the back of the tongue
functions of saliva
maintain ph at 7.2, lubricates food, maintains oral hygeine and immunity by washing away bacteria, aids the digestion of carbohydrates
what are the salivary glands inhibited by?
the sympathetic innervation via preganglionic nerves from T1-3 segments
how much HCL does the stomach produce per day?
2 L, H+ ion levels in the lumen of the stomach are 150mM. This is 3 times higher than in the blood
enterogastrones
local hormones secreted by enterocytes which inhibit gastric secretions and promotes somatostatin secretion
peptic ulcer
a breach in a mucosal surface which exposes the underlying tissues to the corrosive action of acids and peptides
helicobacter pylori
secretes urease which splits ammonia and CO2. Ammonia and H+ forms ammonium which makes the luminal environment more alkaline enabling survival of the bacteria
segmentation
alternating forward and backward movements to further mix digested food and bring it into contact with the intestinal wall
migrating motor complex
the movement of the bolus of food from the small intestine into the colon, occurs when segmentation casese
peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers in the intestinal walls controlled by interstitial pace maker cells of Cajal
Gastroparesis
delayed gastric emptying
how are carbohydrates stored in muscle and nervous tissue
as glycogen and as glucose respectively
leptin
a hormone which controls appeptite/satiety centres in the brain. Low levels stimulates the hypothalamus to increase hunger and appetite feelings
malnutrition
a state of nutrition in which the deficiency or excess of energy, protein and other nutrients causes measurable adverse effects on tissue/bodily function
obesity
a BMI greater than 30.0
bioelectrical impedance
the estimation of body fat mass, fat free mass and water mass
microsomal enzymes in the liver
mediate phase one reactions- oxidation, hydrolysis and reduction of toxic substances
non-microsomal enzymes in the liver
these mediate phase 2 reactions- conjugation of the metabolites of phase 1 with bodily substances to increase the solubility and reduce the toxicity of the drug
name the fat soluble vitamins
A, D, B12
where is the largest storage of vitamin K
found in skeletal muscle
proteolysis
the hydrolysis of proteins- mostly occurs in the duodenum
positive nitrogen balance
nitrogen intake is greater than excretion
negative nitrogen balance
nitrogen intake is less than excretion
