Neuro 2 Flashcards
when glutamate is transferred by a transporter into the glial cell, it is converted into ____________________ via ____________________ and transported back into the glutamatergic axon terminal
glutamine; glutamine synthetase
glutamate is released into the synaptic cleft via __________________ dependent exocytosis
calcium
what are the different ionotropic receptor subtypes that glutamate can activate?
- AMPA 2. Kainicacid (KA) 3. NMDA
Kainicacid is an ionotropic receptor which is found in high levels where?
- hippocampus 2. cerebellum 3. spinal cord
for ionotropic NMDA receptors to become activated, what is required?
- the AMPA receptor must already be activated 2. glutamate binding + glycine binding at separate sites.
what are the metabotropic receptor subtypes that glutamate can activate?
type I, II, and III g-protein coupled glutamate receptors
type I g-coupled protein gluamate receptors cause what?
- neuronal excitation by activating non-selective cation channels 2. activate phospholipase C leading to IP3 mediated intracellular Ca2+ release
type I g-coupled protein glutamate receptors are located ________________, type II and III are located ____________________
post-synaptically; pre-synaptically
type II and III g-coupled protein glutamate receptors cause what?
- inhibition of calcium channels –> inhibition of NT release 2. inhibition of adenyl cyclase –> decreases generation of cAMP
GABA and glycine are inhibitory NT released from __________________
interneurons
glycine is restricted to _______________ and _____________
spinal cord and brainstem
GABA is found
all throughout the CNS
glycine receptors are selectively permeable to __________________
chloride
______________________ receptors are post-synaptic receptors which mediate the FAST component of INHIBITORY action potentials
GABA-a
which GABA receptor type is an ionotropic receptor that is selectively permeable to Cl-?
GABA-a
____________________ is a receptor that is found presynaptic or post-synaptic and mediates the SLOW component of inhibitory action potentials
GABA-b
which GABA receptor subtype is a metabotropic receptor that inhibits adenylyl cyclase and cAMP generation by inhibiting either Ca channels or activating potassium channles
GABA-b
which GABA-b receptor inhibits transmitter release by inhibiting Ca2+?
presynaptic
which GABA-b receptor selectively increases K+ conductance resulting inhibitory potential that is long lasting and slow
post synaptic
Propofol is an agonist to which specific receptor?
GABA -a
dopamine generally exerts a slow _______________ action on CNS neurons
inhibitory
what are the 2 major pathways that dopamine is located in?
- substantia nigra to neostriatum 2. ventral tagmental region to limbic structures
there are ________ dopamine receptors divided into _____ categories
5; 2
what are the 2 categories that dopamine receptors are divided into?
D1- like & D2 like
which dopamine receptors are “D1-like”
D1 and D5
which dopamine receptors are D2 like ?
D2, D3, and D4
all dopamine receptors are ________________ receptors
metabotropic
all noradrenergic receptors are __________________
metabotropic
norepinephrine enhances ____________________ inputs by indirect and direct mechanisms
excitatory
indirect norepinephrine excitatory input MOA
via disinhibition, i.e. - the inhibitory action of local circuit neurons are inhibited
direct norepinephrine excitatory input MOA
blockade of K+ conductances that slow neuronal discharge mediated by alpha 1 or B receptors
serotonin is __________________
inhibitory
serotonin originates from neurons in the raphe or midline regions of the __________________ and _________________
pons; upper brainstem
all serotonin receptors are metabotropic except for the _________________ Receptor
5-HT3
5-HT3 serotonin receptors exerts a rapid _______________________ action in a very limited number of sites within the CNS
excitatory
in most areas of the CNS serotonin has a strong inhibitory action associated with ?
membrane hyperpolarization via increase in K+ conductance
T/F: serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and GABAb receptors activate the same population of K+ channels
TRUE
serotonin receptors are associated with regulatory functions of:
- sleep 2. temperature 3. appetite 4. neuroendocrine control
peptide neurotransmitter examples
- opioid peptides (enkephalins and endorphins) 2. substance P 3. somatostatin 4. cholecystokinin
________________________ is contained in and released from small unmyelinated primary sensory neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem, and causes a slow excitatory post synaptic potential in target neurons
substance P
nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is activated by __________________ and _________________ receptors which increases intracellular ______________ resulting in the generation of nitric oxide
calcium-calmodulin; NMDA; calcium
which neurotransmitter is not stored, but is synthesized on demand and immediately diffuses into neighboring cells?
Nitric oxide
_________________ is a neurotransmitter that is possibly responsible for long-term depression of synaptic transmission in the cerebellum
nitric oxide
endogenous cannabinoids function as _____________________
retrograde synaptic messengers
endocannabinoids are released from ________________ neurons and travel to the ________________ receptor on the ___________________ neuron suppressing transmitter release
post-synaptic; CB1; pre-synaptic
endocannabinoid neurotransmitters affect __________________, ___________________, and __________________
memory; cognition; pain perception
__________________ is allosteric to endorphins and enkephalins
endocannabinoids
__________________ is a sedative hypnotic with low potency, fosters a state of well being and euphoria at low to moderate amounts
alcohol
what is the most commonly abused drug in the world?
alcohol
utilizing alcohol in dangerous situations, or continuing to drink in spite of adverse consequences directly related to their etoh consumption is defined as __________________
abuse
