Neuro 2

Question 1

when glutamate is transferred by a transporter into the glial cell, it is converted into ____________________ via ____________________ and transported back into the glutamatergic axon terminal

Answer 1

glutamine; glutamine synthetase

Question 2

glutamate is released into the synaptic cleft via __________________ dependent exocytosis

Answer 2

calcium

Question 3

what are the different ionotropic receptor subtypes that glutamate can activate?

Answer 3

1. AMPA 2. Kainicacid (KA) 3. NMDA

Question 4

Kainicacid is an ionotropic receptor which is found in high levels where?

Answer 4

1. hippocampus 2. cerebellum 3. spinal cord

Question 5

for ionotropic NMDA receptors to become activated, what is required?

Answer 5

1. the AMPA receptor must already be activated 2. glutamate binding + glycine binding at separate sites.

Question 6

what are the metabotropic receptor subtypes that glutamate can activate?

Answer 6

type I, II, and III g-protein coupled glutamate receptors

Question 7

type I g-coupled protein gluamate receptors cause what?

Answer 7

1. neuronal excitation by activating non-selective cation channels 2. activate phospholipase C leading to IP3 mediated intracellular Ca2+ release

Question 8

type I g-coupled protein glutamate receptors are located ________________, type II and III are located ____________________

Answer 8

post-synaptically; pre-synaptically

Question 9

type II and III g-coupled protein glutamate receptors cause what?

Answer 9

1. inhibition of calcium channels –> inhibition of NT release 2. inhibition of adenyl cyclase –> decreases generation of cAMP

Question 10

GABA and glycine are inhibitory NT released from __________________

Answer 10

interneurons

Question 11

glycine is restricted to _______________ and _____________

Answer 11

spinal cord and brainstem

Question 12

GABA is found

Answer 12

all throughout the CNS

Question 13

glycine receptors are selectively permeable to __________________

Answer 13

chloride

Question 14

______________________ receptors are post-synaptic receptors which mediate the FAST component of INHIBITORY action potentials

Answer 14

GABA-a

Question 15

which GABA receptor type is an ionotropic receptor that is selectively permeable to Cl-?

Answer 15

GABA-a

Question 16

____________________ is a receptor that is found presynaptic or post-synaptic and mediates the SLOW component of inhibitory action potentials

Answer 16

GABA-b

Question 17

which GABA receptor subtype is a metabotropic receptor that inhibits adenylyl cyclase and cAMP generation by inhibiting either Ca channels or activating potassium channles

Answer 17

GABA-b

Question 18

which GABA-b receptor inhibits transmitter release by inhibiting Ca2+?

Answer 18

presynaptic

Question 19

which GABA-b receptor selectively increases K+ conductance resulting inhibitory potential that is long lasting and slow

Answer 19

post synaptic

Question 20

Propofol is an agonist to which specific receptor?

Answer 20

GABA -a

Question 21

dopamine generally exerts a slow _______________ action on CNS neurons

Answer 21

inhibitory

Question 22

what are the 2 major pathways that dopamine is located in?

Answer 22

1. substantia nigra to neostriatum 2. ventral tagmental region to limbic structures

Question 23

there are ________ dopamine receptors divided into _____ categories

Answer 23

5; 2

Question 24

what are the 2 categories that dopamine receptors are divided into?

Answer 24

D1- like & D2 like

Question 25

which dopamine receptors are "D1-like"

Answer 25

D1 and D5

Question 26

which dopamine receptors are D2 like ?

Answer 26

D2, D3, and D4

Question 27

all dopamine receptors are ________________ receptors

Answer 27

metabotropic

Question 28

all noradrenergic receptors are __________________

Answer 28

metabotropic

Question 29

norepinephrine enhances ____________________ inputs by indirect and direct mechanisms

Answer 29

excitatory

Question 30

indirect norepinephrine excitatory input MOA

Answer 30

via disinhibition, i.e. - the inhibitory action of local circuit neurons are inhibited

Question 31

direct norepinephrine excitatory input MOA

Answer 31

blockade of K+ conductances that slow neuronal discharge mediated by alpha 1 or B receptors

Question 32

serotonin is __________________

Answer 32

inhibitory

Question 33

serotonin originates from neurons in the raphe or midline regions of the __________________ and _________________

Answer 33

pons; upper brainstem

Question 34

all serotonin receptors are metabotropic except for the _________________ Receptor

Answer 34

5-HT3

Question 35

5-HT3 serotonin receptors exerts a rapid _______________________ action in a very limited number of sites within the CNS

Answer 35

excitatory

Question 36

in most areas of the CNS serotonin has a strong inhibitory action associated with ?

Answer 36

membrane hyperpolarization via increase in K+ conductance

Question 37

T/F: serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and GABAb receptors activate the same population of K+ channels

Answer 37

TRUE

Question 38

serotonin receptors are associated with regulatory functions of:

Answer 38

1. sleep 2. temperature 3. appetite 4. neuroendocrine control

Question 39

peptide neurotransmitter examples

Answer 39

1. opioid peptides (enkephalins and endorphins) 2. substance P 3. somatostatin 4. cholecystokinin

Question 40

________________________ is contained in and released from small unmyelinated primary sensory neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem, and causes a slow excitatory post synaptic potential in target neurons

Answer 40

substance P

Question 41

nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is activated by __________________ and _________________ receptors which increases intracellular ______________ resulting in the generation of nitric oxide

Answer 41

calcium-calmodulin; NMDA; calcium

Question 42

which neurotransmitter is not stored, but is synthesized on demand and immediately diffuses into neighboring cells?

Answer 42

Nitric oxide

Question 43

_________________ is a neurotransmitter that is possibly responsible for long-term depression of synaptic transmission in the cerebellum

Answer 43

nitric oxide

Question 44

endogenous cannabinoids function as _____________________

Answer 44

retrograde synaptic messengers

Question 45

endocannabinoids are released from ________________ neurons and travel to the ________________ receptor on the ___________________ neuron suppressing transmitter release

Answer 45

post-synaptic; CB1; pre-synaptic

Question 46

endocannabinoid neurotransmitters affect __________________, ___________________, and __________________

Answer 46

memory; cognition; pain perception

Question 47

__________________ is allosteric to endorphins and enkephalins

Answer 47

endocannabinoids

Question 48

__________________ is a sedative hypnotic with low potency, fosters a state of well being and euphoria at low to moderate amounts

Answer 48

alcohol

Question 49

what is the most commonly abused drug in the world?

Answer 49

alcohol

Question 50

utilizing alcohol in dangerous situations, or continuing to drink in spite of adverse consequences directly related to their etoh consumption is defined as __________________

Answer 50

abuse