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Justin Lyle Cards > Neuro 1 > Flashcards

Neuro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is your primary excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

glutamate

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2
Q

what is your primary inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

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3
Q

which neurotransmitters are inhibitory?

A

GABA and glycine

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4
Q

T/F: different neurotransmitters are used by different groups of neurons

A

TRUE

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5
Q

_________________ are among the most important tools for studying all aspects of CNS physiology

A

drugs

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6
Q

dissecting the CNS effects of drugs with known clincial efficacy has led to hypothesis regarding _______________________

A

the mechanism of disease

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7
Q

different neurotransmitters being used by different groups of neurons allows for what?

A

selective modification of CNS functions and the tx for pathologic conditions.

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of ion channels in nerve cells?

A
  1. voltage gated 2. ligand gated
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9
Q

which type of nerve cell ion channel has a faster action potential?

A

ligand gated

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10
Q

_________________ ion channels respond to changes in the membrane potential of the cell

A

voltage gated

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11
Q

where are voltage gated ion channels typically located on nerve cells?

A

initial segment of axon

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12
Q

ligand gated ion channels utilize what type of receptor?

A

ionotropic

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13
Q

____________________ ion channels consist of subunits and binding of a ligand which directly opens the channel

A

ligand gated

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14
Q

which type of ion channel responds to neurotransmitters?

A

ligand gated and metabotropic

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15
Q

which type of ion channel is insensitive or weakly sensitive to changes in membrane potential

A

ligand gated

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16
Q

action potentials utilize which type of ion channel?

A

voltage gated (d/t how fast they are)

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17
Q

what are the two type of neurotransmitter receptors?

A
  1. ionotropic R. 2. metabotropic R.
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18
Q

of the neurotransmitter receptor types, ___________________ receptors are faster; but ______________________ receptors are longer acting

A

ionotropic; metabotropic

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19
Q

7 membrane G protein coupled receptors are what type of neurotransmitter receptors?

A

metabotropic

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20
Q

what is an example of an ionotropic receptor?

A

nicotinic receptor

21
Q

what are the different ways metabotropic receptors can regulate ion channels?

A
  1. activated G protein can interact directly to modulate an ion channel 2. G protein can activate an enzyme that generates a diffusible second messenger
22
Q

general anesthetics use which neutrotransmitter receptor type?

A

ionotropic

23
Q

T/F: there are more Voltage gated ion channels than ligand gated

A

false; more ligand than voltage

24
Q

the majority of CNS communication occurs through _____________________

A

chemical synapses

25
Q

what are the two types of synapses

A
  1. electrical 2. chemical
26
Q

with electrical synapses there must be a _________________ junction to allow for ion to flow through, changing the charge on both sides of the synapse

A

gap

27
Q

what determines the charge change with electrical synapses?

A

the ion flowing through (and whether it is excitatory [+] or inhibitory [-])

28
Q

how can drugs within the CNS produce their effects through post-synaptic actions?

A

agonism or antagonism of the post-synaptic receptor

29
Q

how can drugs within the CNS produce their effects through “retrograde signaling”

A

the synapse generates signals that feed back into the presynaptic terminal to modify neurotransmitter release

30
Q

what are the 2 categories of cellular organization of the brain?

A
  1. heirarchial systems 2. non-specific (diffuse) systems
31
Q

which system is composed of largely myelinated fibers that can often conduct action potentials at a rate of more than 50 m/s?

A

hierarchial systems

32
Q

all pathways that are involved directly in sensory perception and motor control are a part of which cellular organization system?

A

hierarchial

33
Q

what are the two types of neurons within the hierarchical system?

A
  1. relay (projection) neurons 2. local circuit neurons
34
Q

these neurons are large, transmit over long distances, and are excitatory stimulating ionotropic receptors to release glutamate

A

relay (projection) neurons

35
Q

these neurons are smaller neurons compared to the other category in the hierarchical system, and are inhibitory releasing GABA or glycine

A

local circuit neurons

36
Q

which cellular organization system of the brain contains monoamines like NE, dopamine, and serotonin

A

non-specific diffuse systems

37
Q

_____________________ system neurons are fine, unmyelinated, slow conducting fibers that release monoamines and Ach to metabotropci receptors

A

non-specific (diffuse) systems

38
Q

which neurotransmitters are amino acids

A
  1. glutamate 2. GABA 3. glycine
39
Q

which neurotransmitters are monoamines

A
  1. dopamine 2. norepinephrine 3. serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)
40
Q

what are your different types of central neurotransmitters?

A
  1. amino acids (GABA, glycine, glutamate) 2. acetycholine 3. monoamines (NE, dopa, serotonin) 4. Nitric oxide 5. peptides 6. endocannabinoids
41
Q

cholinergic pathways play an important role in cognitive fx, especially ____________________

A

memory

42
Q

most CNS response to Ach are mediated by __________________________ receptors

A

g-coupled muscarinic

43
Q

acetycholine causes slow inhibition of neuron by activating the _________________ receptor which opens K+ channels

A

M2

44
Q

Acetycholine causes an excitatory response of neuron by activating _____________ receptor. This is the most prevalent response of acetylcholine

A

M1

45
Q

muscarinic effects of Ach on CNS are much ________________ than nicotinic effects or effects of amino acids

A

slower

46
Q

when glutamine is brought into the presynaptic glutaminergic neuron, it is converted to ___________________ via ___________________

A

glutamate; glutaminase

47
Q

when glutamine is converted into glutamate in the presynaptic neuron, glutamate is concentrated in vesicles via ___________________

A

vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT)

48
Q

when glutamate is released from the presynaptic terminal it can interact with ionotropic receptors, which are _________________ and _____________ and/or metabotropic receptors, which are ________________ on the post-synaptic cell

A

AMPA-receptor; NMDA-receptor; mGluR

49
Q

synaptic transmission of glutamate is terminated by the active transport of ___________________ into a neighboring ______________ cell via a ____________________

A

glutamate; glial cell; glutamate transporter

Justin Lyle Cards (27 decks)

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