Neuro 1

Question 1

what is your primary excitatory neurotransmitter?

Answer 1

glutamate

Question 2

what is your primary inhibitory neurotransmitter?

Answer 2

GABA

Question 3

which neurotransmitters are inhibitory?

Answer 3

GABA and glycine

Question 4

T/F: different neurotransmitters are used by different groups of neurons

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

_________________ are among the most important tools for studying all aspects of CNS physiology

Answer 5

drugs

Question 6

dissecting the CNS effects of drugs with known clincial efficacy has led to hypothesis regarding _______________________

Answer 6

the mechanism of disease

Question 7

different neurotransmitters being used by different groups of neurons allows for what?

Answer 7

selective modification of CNS functions and the tx for pathologic conditions.

Question 8

what are the 2 types of ion channels in nerve cells?

Answer 8

1. voltage gated 2. ligand gated

Question 9

which type of nerve cell ion channel has a faster action potential?

Answer 9

ligand gated

Question 10

_________________ ion channels respond to changes in the membrane potential of the cell

Answer 10

voltage gated

Question 11

where are voltage gated ion channels typically located on nerve cells?

Answer 11

initial segment of axon

Question 12

ligand gated ion channels utilize what type of receptor?

Answer 12

ionotropic

Question 13

____________________ ion channels consist of subunits and binding of a ligand which directly opens the channel

Answer 13

ligand gated

Question 14

which type of ion channel responds to neurotransmitters?

Answer 14

ligand gated and metabotropic

Question 15

which type of ion channel is insensitive or weakly sensitive to changes in membrane potential

Answer 15

ligand gated

Question 16

action potentials utilize which type of ion channel?

Answer 16

voltage gated (d/t how fast they are)

Question 17

what are the two type of neurotransmitter receptors?

Answer 17

1. ionotropic R. 2. metabotropic R.

Question 18

of the neurotransmitter receptor types, ___________________ receptors are faster; but ______________________ receptors are longer acting

Answer 18

ionotropic; metabotropic

Question 19

7 membrane G protein coupled receptors are what type of neurotransmitter receptors?

Answer 19

metabotropic

Question 20

what is an example of an ionotropic receptor?

Answer 20

nicotinic receptor

Question 21

what are the different ways metabotropic receptors can regulate ion channels?

Answer 21

1. activated G protein can interact directly to modulate an ion channel 2. G protein can activate an enzyme that generates a diffusible second messenger

Question 22

general anesthetics use which neutrotransmitter receptor type?

Answer 22

ionotropic

Question 23

T/F: there are more Voltage gated ion channels than ligand gated

Answer 23

false; more ligand than voltage

Question 24

the majority of CNS communication occurs through _____________________

Answer 24

chemical synapses

Question 25

what are the two types of synapses

Answer 25

1. electrical 2. chemical

Question 26

with electrical synapses there must be a _________________ junction to allow for ion to flow through, changing the charge on both sides of the synapse

Answer 26

gap

Question 27

what determines the charge change with electrical synapses?

Answer 27

the ion flowing through (and whether it is excitatory [+] or inhibitory [-])

Question 28

how can drugs within the CNS produce their effects through post-synaptic actions?

Answer 28

agonism or antagonism of the post-synaptic receptor

Question 29

how can drugs within the CNS produce their effects through "retrograde signaling"

Answer 29

the synapse generates signals that feed back into the presynaptic terminal to modify neurotransmitter release

Question 30

what are the 2 categories of cellular organization of the brain?

Answer 30

1. heirarchial systems 2. non-specific (diffuse) systems

Question 31

which system is composed of largely myelinated fibers that can often conduct action potentials at a rate of more than 50 m/s?

Answer 31

hierarchial systems

Question 32

all pathways that are involved directly in sensory perception and motor control are a part of which cellular organization system?

Answer 32

hierarchial

Question 33

what are the two types of neurons within the hierarchical system?

Answer 33

1. relay (projection) neurons 2. local circuit neurons

Question 34

these neurons are large, transmit over long distances, and are excitatory stimulating ionotropic receptors to release glutamate

Answer 34

relay (projection) neurons

Question 35

these neurons are smaller neurons compared to the other category in the hierarchical system, and are inhibitory releasing GABA or glycine

Answer 35

local circuit neurons

Question 36

which cellular organization system of the brain contains monoamines like NE, dopamine, and serotonin

Answer 36

non-specific diffuse systems

Question 37

_____________________ system neurons are fine, unmyelinated, slow conducting fibers that release monoamines and Ach to metabotropci receptors

Answer 37

non-specific (diffuse) systems

Question 38

which neurotransmitters are amino acids

Answer 38

1. glutamate 2. GABA 3. glycine

Question 39

which neurotransmitters are monoamines

Answer 39

1. dopamine 2. norepinephrine 3. serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)

Question 40

what are your different types of central neurotransmitters?

Answer 40

1. amino acids (GABA, glycine, glutamate) 2. acetycholine 3. monoamines (NE, dopa, serotonin) 4. Nitric oxide 5. peptides 6. endocannabinoids

Question 41

cholinergic pathways play an important role in cognitive fx, especially ____________________

Answer 41

memory

Question 42

most CNS response to Ach are mediated by __________________________ receptors

Answer 42

g-coupled muscarinic

Question 43

acetycholine causes slow inhibition of neuron by activating the _________________ receptor which opens K+ channels

Answer 43

M2

Question 44

Acetycholine causes an excitatory response of neuron by activating _____________ receptor. This is the most prevalent response of acetylcholine

Answer 44

M1

Question 45

muscarinic effects of Ach on CNS are much ________________ than nicotinic effects or effects of amino acids

Answer 45

slower

Question 46

when glutamine is brought into the presynaptic glutaminergic neuron, it is converted to ___________________ via ___________________

Answer 46

glutamate; glutaminase

Question 47

when glutamine is converted into glutamate in the presynaptic neuron, glutamate is concentrated in vesicles via ___________________

Answer 47

vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT)

Question 48

when glutamate is released from the presynaptic terminal it can interact with ionotropic receptors, which are _________________ and _____________ and/or metabotropic receptors, which are ________________ on the post-synaptic cell

Answer 48

AMPA-receptor; NMDA-receptor; mGluR

Question 49

synaptic transmission of glutamate is terminated by the active transport of ___________________ into a neighboring ______________ cell via a ____________________

Answer 49

glutamate; glial cell; glutamate transporter