Neuro 1 Flashcards
what is your primary excitatory neurotransmitter?
glutamate
what is your primary inhibitory neurotransmitter?
GABA
which neurotransmitters are inhibitory?
GABA and glycine
T/F: different neurotransmitters are used by different groups of neurons
TRUE
_________________ are among the most important tools for studying all aspects of CNS physiology
drugs
dissecting the CNS effects of drugs with known clincial efficacy has led to hypothesis regarding _______________________
the mechanism of disease
different neurotransmitters being used by different groups of neurons allows for what?
selective modification of CNS functions and the tx for pathologic conditions.
what are the 2 types of ion channels in nerve cells?
- voltage gated 2. ligand gated
which type of nerve cell ion channel has a faster action potential?
ligand gated
_________________ ion channels respond to changes in the membrane potential of the cell
voltage gated
where are voltage gated ion channels typically located on nerve cells?
initial segment of axon
ligand gated ion channels utilize what type of receptor?
ionotropic
____________________ ion channels consist of subunits and binding of a ligand which directly opens the channel
ligand gated
which type of ion channel responds to neurotransmitters?
ligand gated and metabotropic
which type of ion channel is insensitive or weakly sensitive to changes in membrane potential
ligand gated
action potentials utilize which type of ion channel?
voltage gated (d/t how fast they are)
what are the two type of neurotransmitter receptors?
- ionotropic R. 2. metabotropic R.
of the neurotransmitter receptor types, ___________________ receptors are faster; but ______________________ receptors are longer acting
ionotropic; metabotropic
7 membrane G protein coupled receptors are what type of neurotransmitter receptors?
metabotropic
what is an example of an ionotropic receptor?
nicotinic receptor
what are the different ways metabotropic receptors can regulate ion channels?
- activated G protein can interact directly to modulate an ion channel 2. G protein can activate an enzyme that generates a diffusible second messenger
general anesthetics use which neutrotransmitter receptor type?
ionotropic
T/F: there are more Voltage gated ion channels than ligand gated
false; more ligand than voltage
the majority of CNS communication occurs through _____________________
chemical synapses
what are the two types of synapses
- electrical 2. chemical
with electrical synapses there must be a _________________ junction to allow for ion to flow through, changing the charge on both sides of the synapse
gap
what determines the charge change with electrical synapses?
the ion flowing through (and whether it is excitatory [+] or inhibitory [-])
how can drugs within the CNS produce their effects through post-synaptic actions?
agonism or antagonism of the post-synaptic receptor
how can drugs within the CNS produce their effects through “retrograde signaling”
the synapse generates signals that feed back into the presynaptic terminal to modify neurotransmitter release
what are the 2 categories of cellular organization of the brain?
- heirarchial systems 2. non-specific (diffuse) systems
which system is composed of largely myelinated fibers that can often conduct action potentials at a rate of more than 50 m/s?
hierarchial systems
all pathways that are involved directly in sensory perception and motor control are a part of which cellular organization system?
hierarchial
what are the two types of neurons within the hierarchical system?
- relay (projection) neurons 2. local circuit neurons
these neurons are large, transmit over long distances, and are excitatory stimulating ionotropic receptors to release glutamate
relay (projection) neurons
these neurons are smaller neurons compared to the other category in the hierarchical system, and are inhibitory releasing GABA or glycine
local circuit neurons
which cellular organization system of the brain contains monoamines like NE, dopamine, and serotonin
non-specific diffuse systems
_____________________ system neurons are fine, unmyelinated, slow conducting fibers that release monoamines and Ach to metabotropci receptors
non-specific (diffuse) systems
which neurotransmitters are amino acids
- glutamate 2. GABA 3. glycine
which neurotransmitters are monoamines
- dopamine 2. norepinephrine 3. serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)
what are your different types of central neurotransmitters?
- amino acids (GABA, glycine, glutamate) 2. acetycholine 3. monoamines (NE, dopa, serotonin) 4. Nitric oxide 5. peptides 6. endocannabinoids
cholinergic pathways play an important role in cognitive fx, especially ____________________
memory
most CNS response to Ach are mediated by __________________________ receptors
g-coupled muscarinic
acetycholine causes slow inhibition of neuron by activating the _________________ receptor which opens K+ channels
M2
Acetycholine causes an excitatory response of neuron by activating _____________ receptor. This is the most prevalent response of acetylcholine
M1
muscarinic effects of Ach on CNS are much ________________ than nicotinic effects or effects of amino acids
slower
when glutamine is brought into the presynaptic glutaminergic neuron, it is converted to ___________________ via ___________________
glutamate; glutaminase
when glutamine is converted into glutamate in the presynaptic neuron, glutamate is concentrated in vesicles via ___________________
vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT)
when glutamate is released from the presynaptic terminal it can interact with ionotropic receptors, which are _________________ and _____________ and/or metabotropic receptors, which are ________________ on the post-synaptic cell
AMPA-receptor; NMDA-receptor; mGluR
synaptic transmission of glutamate is terminated by the active transport of ___________________ into a neighboring ______________ cell via a ____________________
glutamate; glial cell; glutamate transporter
