Neuro

Question 1

What are the common bacterial causes of meningitis?

Answer 1

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Tuberculosis, Neisseria meningitidis

Question 2

What are the common viral causes of meningitis?

Answer 2

Enterovirus, mumps

Question 3

What is the pathophysiology of meningitis?

Answer 3

Hematogenous spread → endothelial injury → meningeal invasion → inflammation → bacterial entry into CSF

Question 4

What are the classic symptoms of meningitis in children?

Answer 4

Fever, headache, photophobia, neck stiffness, back pain, altered mental status

Question 5

What is Kernig’s sign?

Answer 5

Painful knee extension when the hip is flexed

Question 6

What is Brudzinski’s sign?

Answer 6

Neck flexion leads to knee flexion

Question 7

What are the contraindications for a lumbar puncture?

Answer 7

Brain mass, increased ICP, recent head injury, tumor, blood dyscrasias, localizing neurological signs

Question 8

What is the first-line empiric antibiotic therapy for neonatal bacterial meningitis?

Answer 8

Ampicillin + gentamicin or Ampicillin + cefotaxime

Question 9

What is the first-line empiric antibiotic therapy for non-neonatal bacterial meningitis?

Answer 9

Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime + vancomycin

Question 10

What are the complications of meningitis?

Answer 10

Encephalitis, cerebral abscess, sensorineural hearing loss

Question 11

What is the most common cause of cerebral palsy?

Answer 11

Non-progressive insult or injury to the developing brain

Question 12

What are the three main types of cerebral palsy?

Answer 12

Spastic, Dyskinetic, Ataxic

Question 13

What are the risk factors for cerebral palsy?

Answer 13

Prematurity, birth asphyxia, neonatal infections, hypoxia-ischemic insult, kernicterus

Question 14

What are the common symptoms of cerebral palsy?

Answer 14

Developmental delay, spasticity, abnormal movements, difficulty with feeding and speech

Question 15

What are the signs of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

Answer 15

Gower’s sign, proximal muscle weakness, waddling gait

Question 16

What is the primary pathology in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

Answer 16

Deficiency of dystrophin protein leading to progressive muscle degeneration

Question 17

What are the clinical features of hydrocephalus in infants?

Answer 17

Irritability, poor feeding, vomiting, large head, bulging fontanelle

Question 18

What are the common causes of communicating hydrocephalus?

Answer 18

Failure of CSF resorption (e.g., post-meningitis) or overproduction (choroid plexus papilloma)

Question 19

What are the common causes of non-communicating hydrocephalus?

Answer 19

Obstruction due to tumors, aqueductal stenosis, Chiari malformation

Question 20

What is the management of hydrocephalus?

Answer 20

Mannitol, propped-up position, urgent neurosurgical referral, CSF shunt (VP, VA, ventriculopleural)

Question 21

What is the definition of epilepsy?

Answer 21

At least two unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart

Question 22

What are the different types of seizures?

Answer 22

Focal onset, Generalized onset, Unknown onset

Question 23

What is the treatment for focal epilepsy?

Answer 23

Carbamazepine

Question 24

What is the treatment for generalized epilepsy?

Answer 24

Valproate, Lamotrigine

Question 25

What precautions should parents take for a child with epilepsy?

Answer 25

Avoid sleep deprivation, no unsupervised swimming, educate teachers, emergency seizure management

Question 26

What is status epilepticus?

Answer 26

Seizure lasting >5 minutes or recurrent seizures without recovery between episodes

Question 27

What is the first-line treatment for status epilepticus?

Answer 27

IV or PR Diazepam (0.25-0.5 mg/kg)

Question 28

What is the management if status epilepticus persists for 5-30 minutes?

Answer 28

IV Phenytoin (20 mg/kg) over 20 minutes

Question 29

What are breath-holding spells?

Answer 29

Benign paroxysmal non-epileptic disorder seen in children 6 months - 5 years, triggered by emotions or minor injuries

Question 30

What are the two types of breath-holding spells?

Answer 30

Cyanotic (due to crying and apnea) and Reflex anoxic seizures (due to vagal response)

Question 31

What is the pathognomonic EEG finding for Infantile Spasms?

Answer 31

Hypsarrhythmia

Question 32

What is the EEG pattern for Absence Seizures?

Answer 32

3 Hz spike-wave pattern

Question 33

What is the EEG pattern for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy?

Answer 33

Epileptiform discharges in the temporal lobe

Question 34

What is the incidence of febrile seizures?

Answer 34

2-5% in children aged 6 months to 6 years

Question 35

What are the red flags for febrile seizures?

Answer 35

Meningitis signs, prolonged seizures, focal seizures, recurrent seizures in 24 hours

Question 36

What is the prognosis of febrile seizures?

Answer 36

Generally good, but complex febrile seizures may increase epilepsy risk

Question 37

What is the management of febrile seizures?

Answer 37

Antipyretics, tepid sponging, lateral positioning, seizure monitoring

Question 38

What are the risk factors for recurrent febrile seizures?

Answer 38

Young age, family history, low fever at onset, short fever duration before seizure

Question 39

What is the main feature of Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy?

Answer 39

Rapid neurological deterioration with seizures and UMN signs

Question 40

What are the common bacterial causes of meningitis? (Variant)

Answer 40

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Tuberculosis, Neisseria meningitidis