ID 2.0 Flashcards
Definition of sepsis
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.
Septic Shock
A subset of sepsis where underlying circulatory and cellular/metabolic abnormalities are profound enough to increase mortality.
SIRS Criteria
Includes abnormal temperature, tachycardia, tachypnea, and altered leukocyte count.
Key Signs of Sepsis
Fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, altered mental status, reduced peripheral perfusion.
Warm vs Cold Shock
Warm: widened pulse pressure, rapid CRT. Cold: narrow pulse pressure, prolonged CRT.
Risk Factors for Sepsis
Neonates, immunocompromised children, post-surgical patients, chronic illnesses.
First-line Antibiotic for Pediatric Sepsis
Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone, plus Vancomycin if meningitis is suspected.
Fluid Resuscitation in Pediatric Shock
Give 20 mL/kg bolus of isotonic crystalloids (NS/RL) over 5-10 minutes.
Vasoactive Agents in Shock
Dopamine is first-line; norepinephrine for cold shock, epinephrine for warm shock.
Monitoring in Sepsis
Lactate levels, urine output, mental status, capillary refill time, blood pressure.
Dengue Virus Serotypes
DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, DEN-4; second infection with different serotype is more severe.
Phases of Dengue
Febrile phase, Critical phase, Recovery phase.
Warning Signs in Dengue
ALL LOVES
Abdominal pain
Lethargy/confusion/restlessness
Lab (high HCT, low plt)
Vomiting (>2) & diarrhea
Effusion (fluid collection)
Significant mucosal bleed
Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)
Plasma leakage leads to hypovolemic shock; requires aggressive fluid resuscitation.
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
Thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration, plasma leakage, bleeding tendencies.
Fluid Management in Dengue
IV crystalloids (NS/RL), monitor hematocrit to prevent fluid overload.
Indications for Hospitalization in Dengue
Severe dengue, warning signs, infants, comorbid conditions.
Classic Dengue Rash
Islands of white in a sea of red.
Chickenpox Causative Agent
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV), a herpesvirus.
Transmission of Chickenpox
Droplet spread, direct contact with vesicles.
Stages of Chickenpox Rash
Macules → Papules → Vesicles → Pustules → Scabs.
Complications of Chickenpox
Secondary bacterial infection, pneumonia, encephalitis, myocarditis.
Chickenpox Treatment
Supportive care; antivirals (acyclovir) for immunocompromised or severe cases.
Prevention of Chickenpox
Varicella vaccine (live-attenuated), given in two doses.
Causative Agents of Mono
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV).
Transmission of Mono
Saliva, sexual contact, blood transfusion.
Key Symptoms of Mono
Fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, fatigue.
Mono Complications
Hepatitis, encephalitis, splenic rupture.
Management of Mono
Supportive care, corticosteroids for airway obstruction.
Rash with Amoxicillin
EBV patients given amoxicillin develop a maculopapular rash.
Malaria Causative Agents
Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae, knowlesi.
Malaria Transmission
Female Anopheles mosquito, blood transfusion, congenital transmission.
Key Symptoms of Malaria
Fever, chills, anemia, splenomegaly, headache, myalgia.
Severe Malaria Signs
Altered consciousness, multiple seizures, respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis.
First-Line Treatment for Malaria
Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), Primaquine for P. vivax/ovale.
Most Common Cause of Bacterial Pneumonia in Children
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Common Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases
Pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, otitis media.
Key Symptoms of Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Fever, productive cough, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea.
Pneumococcal Meningitis Symptoms
Fever, headache, neck stiffness, bulging fontanelle.
Pneumococcal Vaccines
PCV13 (infants) and PPV23 (high-risk children >2 years).
Causative Agent of Diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Diphtheria Transmission
Respiratory droplets, direct contact with lesions.
Characteristic Diphtheria Lesion
Greyish-white pseudomembrane over tonsils/pharynx.
Diphtheria Treatment
Diphtheria antitoxin + Penicillin/Erythromycin.
Diphtheria Prevention
DTP vaccine (Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis).
Causative Agent of TB
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Transmission of TB
Airborne droplets from infected individuals.
Primary vs Secondary TB
Primary: first infection; Secondary: reactivation of latent TB.
Key Symptoms of TB
Chronic cough, night sweats, weight loss, fever.
TB Diagnosis
Mantoux test, sputum AFB smear, chest X-ray.
TB Treatment
HRZE (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol) for 6 months.
BCG Vaccine
Given at birth to prevent severe TB in children.
