ID 2.0

Question 1

Definition of sepsis

Answer 1

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.

Question 2

Septic Shock

Answer 2

A subset of sepsis where underlying circulatory and cellular/metabolic abnormalities are profound enough to increase mortality.

Question 3

SIRS Criteria

Answer 3

Includes abnormal temperature, tachycardia, tachypnea, and altered leukocyte count.

Question 4

Key Signs of Sepsis

Answer 4

Fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, altered mental status, reduced peripheral perfusion.

Question 5

Warm vs Cold Shock

Answer 5

Warm: widened pulse pressure, rapid CRT. Cold: narrow pulse pressure, prolonged CRT.

Question 6

Risk Factors for Sepsis

Answer 6

Neonates, immunocompromised children, post-surgical patients, chronic illnesses.

Question 7

First-line Antibiotic for Pediatric Sepsis

Answer 7

Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone, plus Vancomycin if meningitis is suspected.

Question 8

Fluid Resuscitation in Pediatric Shock

Answer 8

Give 20 mL/kg bolus of isotonic crystalloids (NS/RL) over 5-10 minutes.

Question 9

Vasoactive Agents in Shock

Answer 9

Dopamine is first-line; norepinephrine for cold shock, epinephrine for warm shock.

Question 10

Monitoring in Sepsis

Answer 10

Lactate levels, urine output, mental status, capillary refill time, blood pressure.

Question 11

Dengue Virus Serotypes

Answer 11

DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, DEN-4; second infection with different serotype is more severe.

Question 12

Phases of Dengue

Answer 12

Febrile phase, Critical phase, Recovery phase.

Question 13

Warning Signs in Dengue

Answer 13

ALL LOVES
Abdominal pain
Lethargy/confusion/restlessness
Lab (high HCT, low plt)
Vomiting (>2) & diarrhea
Effusion (fluid collection)
Significant mucosal bleed

Question 14

Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)

Answer 14

Plasma leakage leads to hypovolemic shock; requires aggressive fluid resuscitation.

Question 15

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Answer 15

Thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration, plasma leakage, bleeding tendencies.

Question 16

Fluid Management in Dengue

Answer 16

IV crystalloids (NS/RL), monitor hematocrit to prevent fluid overload.

Question 17

Indications for Hospitalization in Dengue

Answer 17

Severe dengue, warning signs, infants, comorbid conditions.

Question 18

Classic Dengue Rash

Answer 18

Islands of white in a sea of red.

Question 19

Chickenpox Causative Agent

Answer 19

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV), a herpesvirus.

Question 20

Transmission of Chickenpox

Answer 20

Droplet spread, direct contact with vesicles.

Question 21

Stages of Chickenpox Rash

Answer 21

Macules → Papules → Vesicles → Pustules → Scabs.

Question 22

Complications of Chickenpox

Answer 22

Secondary bacterial infection, pneumonia, encephalitis, myocarditis.

Question 23

Chickenpox Treatment

Answer 23

Supportive care; antivirals (acyclovir) for immunocompromised or severe cases.

Question 24

Prevention of Chickenpox

Answer 24

Varicella vaccine (live-attenuated), given in two doses.

Question 25

Causative Agents of Mono

Answer 25

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV).

Question 26

Transmission of Mono

Answer 26

Saliva, sexual contact, blood transfusion.

Question 27

Key Symptoms of Mono

Answer 27

Fever, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, fatigue.

Question 28

Mono Complications

Answer 28

Hepatitis, encephalitis, splenic rupture.

Question 29

Management of Mono

Answer 29

Supportive care, corticosteroids for airway obstruction.

Question 30

Rash with Amoxicillin

Answer 30

EBV patients given amoxicillin develop a maculopapular rash.

Question 31

Malaria Causative Agents

Answer 31

Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae, knowlesi.

Question 32

Malaria Transmission

Answer 32

Female Anopheles mosquito, blood transfusion, congenital transmission.

Question 33

Key Symptoms of Malaria

Answer 33

Fever, chills, anemia, splenomegaly, headache, myalgia.

Question 34

Severe Malaria Signs

Answer 34

Altered consciousness, multiple seizures, respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis.

Question 35

First-Line Treatment for Malaria

Answer 35

Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), Primaquine for P. vivax/ovale.

Question 36

Most Common Cause of Bacterial Pneumonia in Children

Answer 36

Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Question 37

Common Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases

Answer 37

Pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, otitis media.

Question 38

Key Symptoms of Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Answer 38

Fever, productive cough, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea.

Question 39

Pneumococcal Meningitis Symptoms

Answer 39

Fever, headache, neck stiffness, bulging fontanelle.

Question 40

Pneumococcal Vaccines

Answer 40

PCV13 (infants) and PPV23 (high-risk children >2 years).

Question 41

Causative Agent of Diphtheria

Answer 41

Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Question 42

Diphtheria Transmission

Answer 42

Respiratory droplets, direct contact with lesions.

Question 43

Characteristic Diphtheria Lesion

Answer 43

Greyish-white pseudomembrane over tonsils/pharynx.

Question 44

Diphtheria Treatment

Answer 44

Diphtheria antitoxin + Penicillin/Erythromycin.

Question 45

Diphtheria Prevention

Answer 45

DTP vaccine (Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis).

Question 46

Causative Agent of TB

Answer 46

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Question 47

Transmission of TB

Answer 47

Airborne droplets from infected individuals.

Question 48

Primary vs Secondary TB

Answer 48

Primary: first infection; Secondary: reactivation of latent TB.

Question 49

Key Symptoms of TB

Answer 49

Chronic cough, night sweats, weight loss, fever.

Question 50

TB Diagnosis

Answer 50

Mantoux test, sputum AFB smear, chest X-ray.

Question 51

TB Treatment

Answer 51

HRZE (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol) for 6 months.

Question 52

BCG Vaccine

Answer 52

Given at birth to prevent severe TB in children.