Haemato

Question 1

What is the most common nutritional deficiency in children?

Answer 1

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)

Question 2

What is the highest burden age group for IDA?

Answer 2

Children less than 5 years old

Question 3

What are the ferritin and hemoglobin cutoffs for IDA in children?

Answer 3

Ferritin <15 mcg/L, Hb <11 g/dL (6 months-<5 y/o), <11.5 g/dL (5-<12 y/o), <12 g/dL (12-15 y/o)

Question 4

What is the main regulatory hormone for iron homeostasis?

Answer 4

Hepcidin

Question 5

What are common causes of IDA?

Answer 5

Chronic blood loss, increased iron demand, malabsorption, inadequate dietary intake

Question 6

What are the clinical features of severe IDA?

Answer 6

Koilonychia, angular stomatitis, fatigue, pallor, cardiomegaly, tachypnea, pica

Question 7

What are complications of IDA?

Answer 7

Impaired neurodevelopment, growth issues, weakened immunity

Question 8

What are perinatal risk factors for IDA?

Answer 8

Maternal iron deficiency, prematurity, perinatal hemorrhagic events

Question 9

What dietary factors contribute to IDA in infancy?

Answer 9

Lack of iron supplements, cow’s milk intake, low-iron formula, malabsorptive diseases

Question 10

What is the first-line investigation for IDA?

Answer 10

Complete blood count (CBC)

Question 11

What are the characteristic findings on peripheral blood smear in IDA?

Answer 11

Microcytic hypochromic RBCs, increased central pallor, pencil cells, target cells

Question 12

How is IDA managed in infants?

Answer 12

Exclusive breastfeeding, iron supplements, iron-rich complementary foods, vitamin C intake

Question 13

What is the pathophysiology of Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)?

Answer 13

IgA-mediated immune complex vasculitis

Question 14

What are the classical triad symptoms of HSP?

Answer 14

Purpuric rash, arthralgia, abdominal pain

Question 15

What are complications of HSP?

Answer 15

Intussusception, nephritis, CNS involvement, orchitis

Question 16

What is the management for HSP?

Answer 16

Supportive care, prednisolone for severe cases

Question 17

What is the most common bleeding disorder in children?

Answer 17

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

Question 18

What is the usual age of presentation for ITP?

Answer 18

1-7 years old

Question 19

What is the hallmark finding in ITP pathophysiology?

Answer 19

Autoantibodies against platelet glycoproteins IIb/IIIa

Question 20

What platelet count is associated with spontaneous bleeding in ITP?

Answer 20

<20,000 cells/mm³

Question 21

What is the typical clinical presentation of ITP?

Answer 21

Petechiae, purpura, epistaxis, oral mucosal bleeding

Question 22

What is the first-line treatment for ITP?

Answer 22

Observation if platelets >20,000/mm³; corticosteroids, IVIG for severe cases

Question 23

What is the definitive treatment for chronic ITP?

Answer 23

Splenectomy

Question 24

What is the genetic inheritance pattern of thalassemia?

Answer 24

Autosomal recessive

Question 25

Which hemoglobin components are affected in thalassemia?

Answer 25

Alpha (HBA) and beta (HBB) globin chains

Question 26

What are characteristic skeletal findings in beta-thalassemia major?

Answer 26

Frontal bossing, maxillary overgrowth (chipmunk facies)

Question 27

What are complications of iron overload in beta-thalassemia?

Answer 27

Cardiac failure, liver cirrhosis, endocrinopathies, renal insufficiency

Question 28

What is the management of beta-thalassemia major?

Answer 28

Regular transfusions, iron chelation therapy, folic acid, splenectomy if needed

Question 29

What is the cause of alpha-thalassemia?

Answer 29

Gene deletions in the alpha-globin locus

Question 30

What is the fatal form of alpha-thalassemia?

Answer 30

Hb Barts (hydrops fetalis)

Question 31

What is the hallmark pathophysiology of thalassemia?

Answer 31

Imbalanced globin chain synthesis leading to ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis

Question 32

What are the characteristic RBC findings in thalassemia?

Answer 32

Hypochromic microcytic RBCs, target cells, anisopoikilocytosis

Question 33

How is thalassemia diagnosed?

Answer 33

Hemoglobin electrophoresis, genetic testing

Question 34

What are the main types of hemophilia?

Answer 34

Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency) and Hemophilia B (Factor IX deficiency)

Question 35

What is the inheritance pattern of hemophilia?

Answer 35

X-linked recessive

Question 36

What is a characteristic bleeding feature in hemophilia?

Answer 36

easy Bruising Epistaxis Gum bleeding Hemarthrosis (bleeding into joints)

Question 37

What is the screening test for hemophilia?

Answer 37

Prolonged APTT with normal PT and platelet count

Question 38

What is the definitive test for hemophilia?

Answer 38

Factor VIII or IX activity assay

Question 39

What are the main complications of hemophilia?

Answer 39

Joint destruction, viral infections, inhibitor development

Question 40

What is the primary treatment for hemophilia A?

Answer 40

Factor VIII replacement therapy

Question 41

What is the primary treatment for hemophilia B?

Answer 41

Factor IX replacement therapy

Question 42

What medications should be avoided in hemophilia?

Answer 42

Aspirin, NSAIDs

Question 43

What are alternative pain management options in hemophilia?

Answer 43

Paracetamol, opioids if necessary

Question 44

What prophylactic measures should be taken for hemophilia patients?

Answer 44

Regular factor replacement, vaccination for Hep B, medical alert identification

Question 45

What is the classification of hemophilia severity?

Answer 45

<1% factor level = severe, 1-5% = moderate, 5-25% = mild

Question 46

What viral infections are hemophilia patients at risk for?

Answer 46

Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV

Question 47

How is hemophilia inherited in families with no prior history?

Answer 47

Spontaneous mutations

Question 48

Why should IM injections be avoided in hemophilia patients?

Answer 48

Risk of deep muscle bleeding

Question 49

What is the role of desmopressin (DDAVP) in hemophilia?

Answer 49

Increases Factor VIII levels in mild hemophilia A