CVS

Question 1

What is the most common type of ventricular septal defect (VSD)?

Answer 1

Perimembranous VSD

Question 2

What is the incidence of VSD in live births?

Answer 2

2-5 per 1000 live births

Question 3

Which congenital heart disease is associated with Down’s syndrome?

Answer 3

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

Question 4

What is the pathophysiology of VSD?

Answer 4

Left-to-right shunt due to higher pressure in the left ventricle.

Question 5

Name two signs of VSD.

Answer 5

Pansystolic murmur, Loud P2 sound.

Question 6

Which investigation is gold standard for diagnosing congenital heart diseases?

Answer 6

Echocardiogram

Question 7

What is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease?

Answer 7

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

Question 8

What are the four components of TOF?

Answer 8

Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Overriding aorta, VSD

Question 9

Which congenital heart disease causes high blood pressure in upper limbs and low in lower limbs?

Answer 9

Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA)

Question 10

What is the characteristic chest X-ray finding in CoA?

Answer 10

Rib notching due to dilated intercostal arteries.

Question 11

What is the treatment for large or complicated VSD?

Answer 11

Surgical closure or catheterization closure.

Question 12

Which congenital heart defect presents with a ‘continuous machinery murmur’?

Answer 12

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Question 13

What is the first-line medical treatment for PDA in preterm neonates?

Answer 13

Indomethacin or Ibuprofen.

Question 14

What is the characteristic CXR finding in Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)?

Answer 14

‘Egg on a string’ appearance.

Question 15

Which congenital heart disease is associated with a ‘boot-shaped heart’ on CXR?

Answer 15

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

Question 16

What is the primary intervention for cyanotic TGA in neonates?

Answer 16

IV Prostaglandin E and balloon atrial septostomy.

Question 17

Which congenital heart disease requires a Blalock-Taussig shunt?

Answer 17

Severe Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) or Pulmonary Stenosis.

Question 18

What is Eisenmenger’s syndrome?

Answer 18

Reversal of a left-to-right shunt to a right-to-left shunt due to pulmonary hypertension.

Question 19

Which congenital heart disease is associated with ‘wide split and fixed S2’?

Answer 19

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

Question 20

What is the gold standard test for diagnosing infective endocarditis?

Answer 20

Echocardiogram (detects vegetations).

Question 21

What are the Duke’s major criteria for infective endocarditis?

Answer 21

Positive blood culture, echocardiographic evidence of vegetation.

Question 22

Which bacteria are most commonly responsible for infective endocarditis?

Answer 22

Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus aureus.

Question 23

What is the treatment for infective endocarditis caused by Strep. viridans?

Answer 23

IV Penicillin for 4-6 weeks.

Question 24

What is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries?

Answer 24

Kawasaki disease.

Question 25

What are the five key symptoms of Kawasaki disease?

Answer 25

Fever ≥ 5 days, conjunctivitis, rash, strawberry tongue, swollen hands/feet.

Question 26

What is the first-line treatment for Kawasaki disease?

Answer 26

IV Immunoglobulin and high-dose Aspirin.

Question 27

Which heart condition in children presents with 'gallop rhythm' and hepatomegaly?

Answer 27

Heart failure.

Question 28

What is the most common congenital heart disease in premature infants?

Answer 28

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA).

Question 29

Which congenital heart disease is associated with DiGeorge syndrome?

Answer 29

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF).

Question 30

What medication is given to keep the ductus arteriosus open in duct-dependent lesions?

Answer 30

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1).

Question 31

Which congenital heart disease is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 31

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD).

Question 32

What is the characteristic murmur of VSD?

Answer 32

Pansystolic murmur best heard at the left lower sternal border.

Question 33

What is the main risk factor for rheumatic heart disease?

Answer 33

Untreated or recurrent Group A Streptococcal infections.

Question 34

What is the primary long-term complication of rheumatic fever?

Answer 34

Mitral stenosis.

Question 35

Which congenital heart disease presents with a 'single loud S2'?

Answer 35

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF).

Question 36

What condition presents with 'bounding pulses' due to high pulse pressure?

Answer 36

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA).

Question 37

What is the first-line investigation for suspected heart failure in children?

Answer 37

Echocardiogram.

Question 38

Which heart condition in newborns is often diagnosed due to failure to wean off ventilation?

Answer 38

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA).

Question 39

Which cyanotic congenital heart disease is most commonly diagnosed in the first week of life?

Answer 39

Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA).

Question 40

Which congenital heart disease presents with 'RVH and RAD' on ECG?

Answer 40

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF).

Question 41

Which antibiotic is used for infective endocarditis prophylaxis before dental procedures?

Answer 41

Amoxicillin.

Question 42

What is the primary symptom of acute rheumatic fever?

Answer 42

Migratory polyarthritis.

Question 43

Which congenital heart disease requires monthly Benzathine Penicillin prophylaxis?

Answer 43

Rheumatic heart disease.

Question 44

What is the most common cause of heart failure in children?

Answer 44

Congenital heart disease.

Question 45

Which congenital heart disease presents with 'differential cyanosis'?

Answer 45

Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA).

Question 46

Which congenital heart disease is characterized by 'ductal-dependent systemic circulation'?

Answer 46

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS).

Question 47

What is the most common innocent murmur in children?

Answer 47

Still's murmur.

Question 48

What is the most common form of cardiomyopathy in children?

Answer 48

Dilated cardiomyopathy.

Question 49

What is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes?

Answer 49

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Question 50

Which congenital heart disease presents with 'holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border'?

Answer 50

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD).