CVS Flashcards
What is the most common type of ventricular septal defect (VSD)?
Perimembranous VSD
What is the incidence of VSD in live births?
2-5 per 1000 live births
Which congenital heart disease is associated with Down’s syndrome?
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
What is the pathophysiology of VSD?
Left-to-right shunt due to higher pressure in the left ventricle.
Name two signs of VSD.
Pansystolic murmur, Loud P2 sound.
Which investigation is gold standard for diagnosing congenital heart diseases?
Echocardiogram
What is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease?
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
What are the four components of TOF?
Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Overriding aorta, VSD
Which congenital heart disease causes high blood pressure in upper limbs and low in lower limbs?
Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA)
What is the characteristic chest X-ray finding in CoA?
Rib notching due to dilated intercostal arteries.
What is the treatment for large or complicated VSD?
Surgical closure or catheterization closure.
Which congenital heart defect presents with a ‘continuous machinery murmur’?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
What is the first-line medical treatment for PDA in preterm neonates?
Indomethacin or Ibuprofen.
What is the characteristic CXR finding in Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)?
‘Egg on a string’ appearance.
Which congenital heart disease is associated with a ‘boot-shaped heart’ on CXR?
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
What is the primary intervention for cyanotic TGA in neonates?
IV Prostaglandin E and balloon atrial septostomy.
Which congenital heart disease requires a Blalock-Taussig shunt?
Severe Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) or Pulmonary Stenosis.
What is Eisenmenger’s syndrome?
Reversal of a left-to-right shunt to a right-to-left shunt due to pulmonary hypertension.
Which congenital heart disease is associated with ‘wide split and fixed S2’?
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
What is the gold standard test for diagnosing infective endocarditis?
Echocardiogram (detects vegetations).
What are the Duke’s major criteria for infective endocarditis?
Positive blood culture, echocardiographic evidence of vegetation.
Which bacteria are most commonly responsible for infective endocarditis?
Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus aureus.
What is the treatment for infective endocarditis caused by Strep. viridans?
IV Penicillin for 4-6 weeks.
What is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries?
Kawasaki disease.
What are the five key symptoms of Kawasaki disease?
Fever ≥ 5 days, conjunctivitis, rash, strawberry tongue, swollen hands/feet.
What is the first-line treatment for Kawasaki disease?
IV Immunoglobulin and high-dose Aspirin.
Which heart condition in children presents with ‘gallop rhythm’ and hepatomegaly?
Heart failure.
What is the most common congenital heart disease in premature infants?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA).
Which congenital heart disease is associated with DiGeorge syndrome?
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF).
What medication is given to keep the ductus arteriosus open in duct-dependent lesions?
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1).
Which congenital heart disease is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD).
What is the characteristic murmur of VSD?
Pansystolic murmur best heard at the left lower sternal border.
What is the main risk factor for rheumatic heart disease?
Untreated or recurrent Group A Streptococcal infections.
What is the primary long-term complication of rheumatic fever?
Mitral stenosis.
Which congenital heart disease presents with a ‘single loud S2’?
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF).
What condition presents with ‘bounding pulses’ due to high pulse pressure?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA).
What is the first-line investigation for suspected heart failure in children?
Echocardiogram.
Which heart condition in newborns is often diagnosed due to failure to wean off ventilation?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA).
Which cyanotic congenital heart disease is most commonly diagnosed in the first week of life?
Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA).
Which congenital heart disease presents with ‘RVH and RAD’ on ECG?
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF).
Which antibiotic is used for infective endocarditis prophylaxis before dental procedures?
Amoxicillin.
What is the primary symptom of acute rheumatic fever?
Migratory polyarthritis.
Which congenital heart disease requires monthly Benzathine Penicillin prophylaxis?
Rheumatic heart disease.
What is the most common cause of heart failure in children?
Congenital heart disease.
Which congenital heart disease presents with ‘differential cyanosis’?
Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA).
Which congenital heart disease is characterized by ‘ductal-dependent systemic circulation’?
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS).
What is the most common innocent murmur in children?
Still’s murmur.
What is the most common form of cardiomyopathy in children?
Dilated cardiomyopathy.
What is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Which congenital heart disease presents with ‘holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border’?
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD).
