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Phase 1 Cards > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the first three embryological structures of the brain? What do they go on to form?

A

PROSENCEPHALON :

  • Telencephalon: cerebral hemispheres
  • Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus

MESENCEPHALON:
= midbrain

RHOMBENCEPHALON:

  • Metencephalon: cerebellum, pons
  • Myelencephalon: medulla
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2
Q

What is the meaning of rostral and caudal?

A

rostral: towards brain
caudal: towards tail

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3
Q

Where do you find Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area?

A

Broca’s: frontal lobe

Wernicke’s: temporal lobe

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4
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area? What are the difference between the two aphasias?

A

Broca’s: motor speech (forming sentences)
Wernicke’s: comprehension of speech (making sure what you’re say makes sense)

Broca’s aphasia: problem forming words
Wernicke’s aphasia: word formation is fine but speech makes no logical sense

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5
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

contains motor cortex
social conduct
mood
language

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6
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

proprioception

contains somatosensory cortex

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7
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

auditory cortex

contains amygdala and hippocampus

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8
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

primary visual cortex

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9
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

feelings and emotion

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10
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

emotional memory

learning

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11
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

white matter bundle connecting the two hemispheres

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12
Q

What separates the two hemispheres?

A

deep longitudinal fissure

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13
Q

What fills the deep longitudinal fissure?

A

fold of dura mater called falx cerebri

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14
Q

What separates the cerebellum and occipital lobe?

A

tentorium cerebelli

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15
Q

What is contained within the grey and white matter?

A

Grey: neuronal cell bodies
White: glial cells + myelinated axons

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16
Q

What are the layers of the scalp from outermost to innermost?

A 
Skin
Connective Tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum
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17
Q

What is the name for the joins of the skull?

A

sutures

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18
Q

What is the name of the roof of the skull?

A

Calvarium

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19
Q

What layers make up the meninges from outermost to innermost?

A

Dura- Periosteal layer & Meningeal layer
Arachnoid
Pia

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20
Q

What makes the dura mater different from the other meningeal layers?

A

the dura mater has it’s own vascular supply

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21
Q

What is the blood supply to the dura?

A

middle meningeal artery

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22
Q

How is the dura innervated?

A

Innervated by CN5- Trigeminal

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23
Q

Where is the CSF found?

A

subarachnoid space

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24
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed?

A

arachnoid granulations

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25
Q

Describe the blood flow through the circle of willis?

A

blood enters via:

  • vertebral arteries up through basilar artery
  • internal carotid arteries

blood leaves via:
anterior, middle and posterior cerebral artery

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26
Q

What cells surround the capillaries in the brain?

A

neurons
endothelial cells
astrocytes
pericytes

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27
Q

What parts of the brain are supplied by each cerebral artery?

A

Anterior: front portion
Middle: sides of brain
Posterior: back portion

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28
Q

How will stroke in the anterior cerebral artery present?

A

loss of contralateral motion and sensory function in lower limbs

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29
Q

How will stroke in he middle cerebral artery present?

A

loss of contralateral motion and sensory function in upper limbs and face
+ Broca’s aphasia

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30
Q

How will stroke in the posterior cerebral artery present?

A

loss of vision

opposing side homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

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31
Q

What is homonymous hemianopia?

A

a visual field defect involving either the two right or the two left halves of the visual fields of both eyes

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32
Q

What is macular sparing?

A

visual field loss that preserves vision in the center of the visual field

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33
Q

Describe the process of venous drainage.

A
  1. Choroid plexus makes CSF
  2. CSF fills 2 lateral ventricles
  3. Drains through foramen of Monroe
  4. Into 3rd ventricle
  5. Drains through cerebral aqueduct
  6. Into 4th ventricle
  7. Then drains into subarachnoid space, medially through foramen of magendie, laterally through foramen of luscka
  8. Reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations
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34
Q

List the sinuses in order.

A 
superior + inferior sagittal sinus
joined by falx cerebri
join at the confluence of sinuses
transverse sinus
sigmoid sinus
internal jugular vein
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35
Q

Name the structures in the cavernous sinus.

A 
O: oculomotor nerve
T: trochlea nerve
O: opthalmic nerve 
M: maxillary nerve
C: internal carotid artery
A: abducens nerve
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36
Q

What cranial nerves have parasympathetic fibres?

A

1973

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37
Q

Name the cranial nerves in order.

A 
I Olfactory
II Optic
III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
V Trigeminal (V1= ophthalmic, V2= maxillary, V3= mandibular)
VI Abducens
VII Facial
VIII Vestibulocochlear 
IX Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus
XI Accessory
XII Hypoglossal
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38
Q

What cranial nerves leave the skull via the cribriform plate?

A

olfactory nerve

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39
Q

What cranial nerves leave the skull via the optic canal?

A

Optic nerve

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40
Q

What cranial nerves leave the skull via the superior orbital fissure?

A

Occulomotor
Trochlea
Trigeminal- V1
Abducens

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41
Q

What cranial nerves leave the skull via the foramen rotundum?

A

Trigeminal- V2

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42
Q

What cranial nerves leave the skull via the foramen ovale?

A

Trigeminal- V3

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43
Q

What cranial nerves leave the skull via the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Facial

Vestibulocochlear

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44
Q

What cranial nerves leave the skull via the jugular foramen?

A

glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory

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45
Q

What cranial nerves leave the skull via the hypoglossal formamen?

A

hypoglossal

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46
Q

What is the function of the olfactory nerve?

A

smell

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47
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

vision

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48
Q

What is the function of the oculomotor nerve?

A

eye movement:

extra-ocular muscles EXCEPT LR6SO4 (lateral rectus and superior oblique)

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49
Q

What is the function of the trochlear nerve?

A

innervates superior oblique

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50
Q

What is the function of the trigeminal nerve?

A

V1: Ophthalmic
innervates upper face, eyelids, lacrimal glands, ethmoid sinus, corneal reflex

V2: Maxillary
maxillary portion of face
upper teeth and lips
nasopharynx

V3: Mandibular 
mandibular region of face
anterior 2/3 tongue
lower teeth and lips
pinna of ear
muscles of mastication
tensor tympani
tensor veli palatini
mylohyoid
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51
Q

What is the function of the abducens nerve?

A

lateral rectus

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52
Q

What is the function of the facial nerve?

A

sensory impulses from the face
buccinator
platysma

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53
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

sound

balance

54
Q

What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

pharynx, soft palate, pinna, posterior 1/3 tongue, carotid sinus, parotid gland, stylopharyngeus

55
Q

What is the function of the vagus nerve?

A 
aortic arch
thoracic viscera
larynx
abdominal viscera
pinna
epiglottis
soft palate
pharynx
GI tract
56
Q

What is the function of the accessory nerve?

A

cranial: pharynx
spinal: sternocleidomastoid

57
Q

What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

muscles of tongue

58
Q

What are the two compartments of the eye?

A

aqueous body

vitreous body

59
Q

What photoreceptors are found in the eye and what do they do?

A

rod- detect dim light

cones- colour vision

60
Q

What makes up the outer eye?

A

Sclera- white of eye

Cornea- first point of refraction

61
Q

Make makes up the middle eye?

A

Iris
Choroid
Ciliary Body
Lens

62
Q

What makes up the inner eye?

A

Retina

Inner neural layer

63
Q

What is found on the inner neural layer of the eye?

A

photoreceptors
light transducers
vitamin A storage

64
Q

What makes up the ciliary body?

A

ciliary muscles

suspensory ligaments

65
Q

What makes up the iris?

A

sphincter pupillae

dilator pupillae

66
Q

What are the extra-ocular muscles and what do they each do?

A 
Superior rectus- elevation
medial rectus- adduction
inferior rectus- depression
lateral rectus- abduction
inferior oblique- extorsion
superior oblique- intorsion
67
Q

What is palsy?

A

weakness or problems with muscles

68
Q

How will a lesion on the oculomotor nerve affect the eye?

A

depression and abduction of the eye

eyelid drooped down

69
Q

How will a lesion on the abducens nerve affect the eye?

A

can’t laterally rotate (abduct)

70
Q

How will a lesion on the trochlear nerve affect the eye?

A

eye extorted, appears slightly elevated

71
Q

How will a pituitary tumour affect the eyes?

A

bitemporal hemianopia

72
Q

What is bitemporal hemianopia?

A

a type of partial blindness where vision is missing in the outer half of both the right and left visual field

73
Q

What makes up the external ear?

A

Auricle
External acoustic meatus
Tympanic membrane

74
Q

What is the function of the auricle?

A

directs sound to external acoustic meatus

75
Q

What is the function of the external acoustic meatus?

A

transmits sound to tympanic membrane

contains cerumen- prevents pathogens and insects reaching eardrum

76
Q

What makes up the middle ear?

A

ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
stapedius and tensor tympanic muscles
middle ear cavity (Eustachian tube and oval window)

77
Q

What is the order of the ossicles in the ear from outermost to innermost?

A

malleus, incus, stapes

78
Q

What is the function of the stapedius muscle?

A

dampens the stapes to prevent excess vibration in response to loud sound

79
Q

What is the function of the tensor tympani muscle?

A

tenses tympanic membrane to prevent excessive vibrations and dampens loud sounds

80
Q

What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

A

connects middle ear to nasopharynx and equalises pressure either side of tympanic membrane

empties middle ear secretions into nasopharynx

81
Q

What is the function of the oval window?

A

transfers mechanical vibrations from middle ear into fluid filled vibrations in the inner ear

82
Q

What makes up the inner ear?

A

semi-circular canals
vestibule
cochlea
organ of corti

83
Q

What is the function of the semi-circular canals?

A

detects change in dynamic equilibrium (balance)

84
Q

What is the function of the vestibule?

A

detects changes in static equilibrium

85
Q

What makes up the vestibule?

A

two membranous sacs: utricle and saccule

86
Q

What makes up the cochlea?

A

scala tympani
scala vestibuli
scala media

87
Q

What is the function of the organ of corti?

A

has 3 rows of outer hair cells and 1 row of inner hair cells which have stereocilia which bend when hit with a vibration, this converts mechanical energy into electrical energy to be picked up but the auditory nerve

88
Q

What is the sound pathway?

A 
sound
external acoustic meatus
vibration of tympanic membrane 
vibration of ossicles 
oval window
fluid-filled vibrations inside cochlea
organ of corti
basillar membrane 
hair cell depolarisation
cochlear nerve
vestibulocochlear nerve 
CNS
89
Q

What are the 3 main pathways of the basal ganglia?

A

direct
indirect
nigrostriatal

90
Q

What is the general function of the basal ganglia?

A

execution of smooth movements

91
Q

What are the components of the basal ganglia?

A 
putamen
caudate nucleus
thalamus
external globus pallidus
substantia nigra
internal globus pallidus
92
Q

What makes up the striatum?

A

caudate nucleus

globus pallidus

93
Q

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A

globus pallidus

putamen

94
Q

What are the type divisions of the substantia nigra?

A 
pars reticularis (SNr)
pars compacta (SNc)
95
Q

What us the main physical difference between Parkinson’s and Huntington’s?

A

parkinsons- hypokinetic

huntingtons- hyperkinetic

96
Q

What causes Parkinson’s?

A

loss of dopaminergic neurons in basal ganglia

can lead to overactivity of indirect pathway OR under activity of direct pathway

97
Q

What causes Huntingtons?

A

destruction of indirect pathway of basal ganglia (degeneration of striatum)

98
Q

What is the function of the ascending and descending spinal tracts?

A

ascending: send sensory information towards brain
descending: sends motor information towards muscles

99
Q

How many orders of neuron are they for ascending and descending tracts?

A

ascending: 4 orders
descending: 2 orders

100
Q

What are the ascending spinal tracts and what do they each do?

A

DCML (dorsal column-medial lemniscus): fine touch, proprioception, vibration

Spinothalamic: crude touch, pain, temperature

Spinocerebellar: unconscious proprioception

101
Q

What are the two divisions of the DCML tract?

A

fasciculus cuneatus- upper limbs

fasciculus gracilis- lower limbs

102
Q

What are the descending spinal tracts and what do they do?

A

PYRAMIDAL:

corticospinal: conscious muscle movement
corticobulbar: voluntary movement of face and neck muscles

4 EXTRA PYRAMIDAL:
vestibulospinal 
reticulospinal
rubrospinal
tectospinal
103
Q

Describe the pathway of the DCML spinal tract?

A 
1st- dorsal root column, enters posterior column and ascends
synapse to 2nd
decussate at medulla
synapse to 3rd in thalamus
primary somatosensory cortex to 4th
104
Q

What are the two divisions of the spinothalamic tract?

A

anterior: crude touch and pressure
lateral: pain and temperature

105
Q

Describe the pathway of the spinothalamic tract.

A
  1. 1st- dorsal root ganglion
  2. enter spinal cord and ascend together ipsilaterally for 1-2 segments
  3. synapse- 2nd order decussate across anterior white commissure
  4. split into anterior and lateral tracts and ascend on contralateral spinal cord
  5. DOES NOT DECUSSATE AT MEDULLA
  6. synapse in thalamus to 3rd order, fibres travel to somatosensory cortex
  7. synapse to 4th order and carries messages to different parts of cortex
106
Q

Describe the pathway of the spinocerebellar tract.

A
  1. 1st order- dorsal root ganglion into spinal cord
  2. synapse to 2nd order neuron: splits and EITHER crosses spinal cord and goes up ventral tract contralaterally OR doesn’t cross and ascends up the dorsal tract ipsilaterally
  3. dorsal tract into cerebellar peduncle
  4. both end up ipsilateral
107
Q

What two types of neurons do we have in the descending tracts?

A

upper and lower motor neurons

108
Q

What are the differences between the extrapyramidal descending tracts?

A

vestibulospinal + reticulospinal- do NOT decussate, ipsilateral innervation

rubrospinal+ tectospinal- DO decussate, contralateral innervation

109
Q

What are the two divisions of the corticospinal tracts?

A

anterior and lateral

110
Q

What proportion of corticospinal tracts decussate?

A

10% stay ipsilateral

90% decussate at medulla

111
Q

What do the corticospinal and corticobulbar ascending tracts supply?

A

corticospinal: supplies musculature of body
corticobulbar: supplies musculature of head and neck

112
Q

Where do neurons terminate in corticobulbar tract?

A

on motor nuclei of cranial nerves

113
Q

What do the extrapyramidal tracts do?

A

rubrospinal: movement coordination
reticulospinal: posture adjustment especially during movement
vestibulospinal: posture and balance
tectospinal: movement in response to visual reflex

114
Q

What is brown-sequard syndrome?

A

lesion of spinal cord

115
Q

How does brown-sequard syndrome of the different tracts present?

A

corticospinal: ipsilateral paralysis
DCML: ipsilateral loss of fine touch, vibration and proprioception
spinothalamic: contralateral loss of pain, temp and crude touch

116
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

an alpha motor neuron and extrafusal skeletal muscle fibres that it innervates

117
Q

What do alpha motor neurons do?

A

controls muscle contraction for voluntary movement

118
Q

What do gamma motor neurons do?

A

controls muscle contractions in response to external forces acting on muscles (stretch reflex for example)

119
Q

How does the size of a motor unit correlate to its degree of control?

A

the smaller the unit, the finer the control

120
Q

What is the most abundant muscle fibre and what innervates it?

A

extrafusal muscle

innervated by alpha motor neurons

121
Q

What are intrafusal muscles? What innervates them?

A

regulatory unit surrounded by extrafusal fibres

innervated by gamma motor neurons

122
Q

What is the function of intrafusal muscle fibres?

A

sense stretch- motors muscle length and rate of change
helps to prevents overstretching
these changes are detected by type 1a and type 2 sensory fibres

123
Q

What is the stretch reflex?

A

when sensory neurons in an intrafusal unit detect overstretching

124
Q

How does the stretch reflex work?

A

type 1a sensory fibres synapse with and excite alpha motor neurons from the same muscle and cause contraction of muscle to shorten length

type 2 sensory fibres synapse with and inhibit alpha motor neurons of the antagonistic muscle causing contraction

125
Q

What are Golgi tendons?

A

tendons at the end of muscles that detect tension

have type 1b sensory fibres that are stimulated by the compression of muscle contraction and protects you from injuring yourself from too much tension

126
Q

What is the inverse myotactic reflex?

A

inverse stretch reflex that protects from overload of muscle

if stimulated enough will cause inhibition/ relaxation of contracting muscle and stimulation of antagonistic muscle

127
Q

What is resting potential? How is it established?

A

-70mV

established by Na+/K+ ATPase pump

128
Q

Describe the permeability of axon membrane to Cl-, K+, Na+

A

membrane is semi-permeable

Cl- and K+ cross easily

Na+ crosses less readily

129
Q

Why does myelination increase conduction along the axon?

A

electrical impulse jumps between nodes of ranvier (saltatory conduction)

130
Q

What are the two refractory periods?

A

absolute refractory: no new action potentials can be generated
relative refractory: a new action potential may be generated if the stimulus is strong enough

131
Q

What are the two types of synapse?

A

electrical

chemical

132
Q

What is the most common type of synapse?

A

chemical

Phase 1 Cards (9 decks)

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