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Phase 1 Cards > IMMS > Flashcards

IMMS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cytosol?

A

fluid matrix of the cell

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2
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus.

A

nuclear membrane- double membrane perforated with pores

contains cellular DNA and nucleolus

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

forms RNA

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4
Q

What are the types of nuclear DNA?

A

euchromatin- actively transcribing chromatin

heterochromatin- less active

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5
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

protein synthesis

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6
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

lipid production

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7
Q

What is the general function of the Golgi?

A

processing and modifying proteins

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8
Q

What are the different parts of the Golgi and what do each do?

A

cis face- received vesicles from SER
medial face- forms complex oligosaccharides
transface- proteolysis

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9
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A

contain hydrolytic enzymes

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10
Q

What are the three elements of the cytoskeleton and what size are they?

A

microfilaments- 5nm
intermediate- 10nm
microtubules- 25nm

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11
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

actin

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12
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

anchored to transmembrane proteins and spread tensile forces

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13
Q

What are the types of intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton?

A 
cytokeratin
desmin
glial fibrillary acidic 
neurofilaments
laminin
vimentin
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14
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

tubule proteins

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15
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid

A

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

consists of a glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate head

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16
Q

What effect does the phospholipid bilayer have on the membrane?

A

gives fluidity and elasticity

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17
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

gives fluidity

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18
Q

What are glycolipids and glycoproteins function in the cell membrane?

A

cell signalling

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19
Q

What are the types of cell junctions?

A 
tight junction
adherens junction
desmosomes
gap junction
hemidesmosomes
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20
Q

What is the function of tight junctions?

A

seals neighbouring cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage of molecules between them

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21
Q

What is the function of adherens junctions?

A

joins an actin bundle in one cell to a similar bundle in a neighbouring cell

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22
Q

What is the function of desmosomes?

A

joins intermediate filaments in one cell to those in a neighbouring cell

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23
Q

What is the function of gap junctions?

A

allows passage of small water-soluble ions and molecules

24
Q

What is the function of hemidesmosomes?

A

anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina

25
Q

What junctions are occluding?

A

tight junctions

26
Q

What junctions are anchoring?

A

adherens
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes

27
Q

What junctions are communicating?

A

gap junctions

28
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

cholesterol

29
Q

What is the main difference between peptide and steroid hormones?

A

peptide- fast response, stored in vesicles ready for release

steroid- slow response, only made and released when needed

30
Q

Describe the different types of signalling

A

autocrine- cells release signals that act on self
paracrine- signals to nearby cells
endocrine- signalling via bloodstream via hormones (NO DUCTS)
exocrine- signalling via bloodstream via hormones (DUCTS)

31
Q

Describe the distribution of water in an average person

A

2/3 intracellular: 28L

1/3 extracellular: 14L- 3L plasma, 1L transcellular, 10L interstitial

32
Q

What is found in the ECF?

A

glucose, urea, Cl-, HCO3-, Na+

33
Q

What is the main cation in ECF and ICF?

A

ECF- Na+

ICF- K+

34
Q

Define osmolality

A

concentration of solutes in plasma per kg of solvent

35
Q

Define osmolarity

A

concentration of solutes in plasma per litre of solution

36
Q

Define osmotic pressure

A

how easily a solution can take in water

37
Q

Define oncotic pressure

A

specific types of osmotic pressure concerning blood proteins (albumin)

38
Q

What is oedema?

A

increased fluid movement from plasma to interstitial space

39
Q

What are the types of oedema?

A

lymphatic
hypoalbumininic
venous
inflammatory

40
Q

What controls serum osmolarity? How does it do so?

A

vasopressin (AKA ADH)

if serum osmolarity increased, ADH released and makes you thirsty

41
Q

What is the smallest carbohydrate unit?

A

monosaccharide

42
Q

What is an oligosaccharide?

A

3-10 monosaccharides

joined via glycosidic bonds

43
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

> 10 monosaccharides

joined via glycosidic bonds

44
Q

How are glycosidic bonds formed?

A

condensation reactions

45
Q

What bonds are present in glycogen and how does this affect it’s role as an energy source?

A

1,6 and 1,4 glycosidic bonds

lots of terminal end points for hydrolysis

46
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

unsaturated: carbon carbon double bonds
saturated: NO double bonds

47
Q

What are the components of a triglyceride?

A

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

48
Q

What is the structure of a fatty acid?

A

straight chain of carbons with methyl group at one end (CH3) and carboxyl group at the other end (COOH)

49
Q

What type of fatty acids are most rigid?

A

unsaturated

50
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

carbon with an amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH) and side chain (R)

51
Q

What determines polarity of an amino acid?

A

the side chain (R)

52
Q

Describe each protein structure

A

PRIMARY
sequence of linear amino acids with peptide bonds

SECONDARY
alpha helix/ beta pleated sheet
hydrogen bonds
folding due to backbone

SUPER SECONDARY
helix turn helix, beta aloha beta, zinc fingers, leucine zip

TERTIARY
folding into 3D shape
involved disulphide brides, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic bonds (folding due to R group)

QUATERNARY
multiple tertiary proteins joined together

53
Q

What are the strongest and weakest bonds in protein structures?

A

strongest- ionic bond

weakest- van der waal forces

54
Q

What are isoenzymes?

A

enzymes with different structures that do the same job

55
Q

What is the function of coenzymes?

A

form covalent bonds with enzymes to maximise activity

56
Q

Why is the ATP-ADP cycle energetically favourable?

A

ATP has 2 phosphorus

Phase 1 Cards (9 decks)

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