IMMS

Question 1

What is the function of the cytosol?

Answer 1

fluid matrix of the cell

Question 2

Describe the structure of the nucleus.

Answer 2

nuclear membrane- double membrane perforated with pores

contains cellular DNA and nucleolus

Question 3

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 3

forms RNA

Question 4

What are the types of nuclear DNA?

Answer 4

euchromatin- actively transcribing chromatin

heterochromatin- less active

Question 5

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 5

protein synthesis

Question 6

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 6

lipid production

Question 7

What is the general function of the Golgi?

Answer 7

processing and modifying proteins

Question 8

What are the different parts of the Golgi and what do each do?

Answer 8

cis face- received vesicles from SER
medial face- forms complex oligosaccharides
transface- proteolysis

Question 9

What is the function of the lysosomes?

Answer 9

contain hydrolytic enzymes

Question 10

What are the three elements of the cytoskeleton and what size are they?

Answer 10

microfilaments- 5nm
intermediate- 10nm
microtubules- 25nm

Question 11

What are microfilaments made of?

Answer 11

actin

Question 12

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

Answer 12

anchored to transmembrane proteins and spread tensile forces

Question 13

What are the types of intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton?

Answer 13

cytokeratin
desmin
glial fibrillary acidic 
neurofilaments
laminin
vimentin

Question 14

What are microtubules made of?

Answer 14

tubule proteins

Question 15

Describe the structure of a phospholipid

Answer 15

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

consists of a glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate head

Question 16

What effect does the phospholipid bilayer have on the membrane?

Answer 16

gives fluidity and elasticity

Question 17

What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

Answer 17

gives fluidity

Question 18

What are glycolipids and glycoproteins function in the cell membrane?

Answer 18

cell signalling

Question 19

What are the types of cell junctions?

Answer 19

tight junction
adherens junction
desmosomes
gap junction
hemidesmosomes

Question 20

What is the function of tight junctions?

Answer 20

seals neighbouring cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage of molecules between them

Question 21

What is the function of adherens junctions?

Answer 21

joins an actin bundle in one cell to a similar bundle in a neighbouring cell

Question 22

What is the function of desmosomes?

Answer 22

joins intermediate filaments in one cell to those in a neighbouring cell

Question 23

What is the function of gap junctions?

Answer 23

allows passage of small water-soluble ions and molecules

Question 24

What is the function of hemidesmosomes?

Answer 24

anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina

Question 25

What junctions are occluding?

Answer 25

tight junctions

Question 26

What junctions are anchoring?

Answer 26

adherens desmosomes hemidesmosomes

Question 27

What junctions are communicating?

Answer 27

gap junctions

Question 28

What are steroid hormones derived from?

Answer 28

cholesterol

Question 29

What is the main difference between peptide and steroid hormones?

Answer 29

peptide- fast response, stored in vesicles ready for release | steroid- slow response, only made and released when needed

Question 30

Describe the different types of signalling

Answer 30

autocrine- cells release signals that act on self paracrine- signals to nearby cells endocrine- signalling via bloodstream via hormones (NO DUCTS) exocrine- signalling via bloodstream via hormones (DUCTS)

Question 31

Describe the distribution of water in an average person

Answer 31

2/3 intracellular: 28L | 1/3 extracellular: 14L- 3L plasma, 1L transcellular, 10L interstitial

Question 32

What is found in the ECF?

Answer 32

glucose, urea, Cl-, HCO3-, Na+

Question 33

What is the main cation in ECF and ICF?

Answer 33

ECF- Na+ | ICF- K+

Question 34

Define osmolality

Answer 34

concentration of solutes in plasma per kg of solvent

Question 35

Define osmolarity

Answer 35

concentration of solutes in plasma per litre of solution

Question 36

Define osmotic pressure

Answer 36

how easily a solution can take in water

Question 37

Define oncotic pressure

Answer 37

specific types of osmotic pressure concerning blood proteins (albumin)

Question 38

What is oedema?

Answer 38

increased fluid movement from plasma to interstitial space

Question 39

What are the types of oedema?

Answer 39

lymphatic hypoalbumininic venous inflammatory

Question 40

What controls serum osmolarity? How does it do so?

Answer 40

vasopressin (AKA ADH) if serum osmolarity increased, ADH released and makes you thirsty

Question 41

What is the smallest carbohydrate unit?

Answer 41

monosaccharide

Question 42

What is an oligosaccharide?

Answer 42

3-10 monosaccharides | joined via glycosidic bonds

Question 43

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 43

> 10 monosaccharides | joined via glycosidic bonds

Question 44

How are glycosidic bonds formed?

Answer 44

condensation reactions

Question 45

What bonds are present in glycogen and how does this affect it's role as an energy source?

Answer 45

1,6 and 1,4 glycosidic bonds | lots of terminal end points for hydrolysis

Question 46

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 46

unsaturated: carbon carbon double bonds saturated: NO double bonds

Question 47

What are the components of a triglyceride?

Answer 47

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

Question 48

What is the structure of a fatty acid?

Answer 48

straight chain of carbons with methyl group at one end (CH3) and carboxyl group at the other end (COOH)

Question 49

What type of fatty acids are most rigid?

Answer 49

unsaturated

Question 50

What is the structure of an amino acid?

Answer 50

carbon with an amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH) and side chain (R)

Question 51

What determines polarity of an amino acid?

Answer 51

the side chain (R)

Question 52

Describe each protein structure

Answer 52

PRIMARY sequence of linear amino acids with peptide bonds SECONDARY alpha helix/ beta pleated sheet hydrogen bonds folding due to backbone SUPER SECONDARY helix turn helix, beta aloha beta, zinc fingers, leucine zip TERTIARY folding into 3D shape involved disulphide brides, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic bonds (folding due to R group) QUATERNARY multiple tertiary proteins joined together

Question 53

What are the strongest and weakest bonds in protein structures?

Answer 53

strongest- ionic bond | weakest- van der waal forces

Question 54

What are isoenzymes?

Answer 54

enzymes with different structures that do the same job

Question 55

What is the function of coenzymes?

Answer 55

form covalent bonds with enzymes to maximise activity

Question 56

Why is the ATP-ADP cycle energetically favourable?

Answer 56

ATP has 2 phosphorus