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MSK Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of supine and prone?

A

supine: anatomical position lying flat on their back
prone: anatomical position lying face down

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2
Q

Define flexion

A

bending a joint

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3
Q

Define extension

A

straighten a joint

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4
Q

Define rotation (joint)

A

angle between two bones doesn’t change but axis of one bone rotates relative to the other

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5
Q

Define abduction and adduction

A

abdunction: movement away from midline
adduction: moving limbs toward midline/ fingers closer together

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6
Q

Define pronation and supination

A

pronation: rotation of forearm so palm of hand faces posteriorly
supination: rotation of forearm so palm of hand faces anteriorly

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7
Q

Define inversion and eversion

A

inversion: sole of foot faces towards other food
eversion: movement of the foot where the sole of foot faces outwards

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8
Q

What are the different muscle shapes and their meanings?

A

fusiform: long tendons and a large muscle belly
convergent: wide origin but a narrow insert
multipennate: multiple point origins that converge to a single insert
parallel: have parallel origin and insert of similar size and straight muscle fibres between them
bipennate: straight single origin with 2 fan like muscle bellies spreading from tendon
unipennate: single origin and 1 fan like muscle belly spreading from tendon

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9
Q

What are the superficial gluteal muscles? What do they do?

A

gluteus maximus- extends flexed femur
gluteus medius- abducts, prevents pelvic drop
gluteus minimus- abducts, prevents pelvic drop

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10
Q

What are the deep gluteal muscles? What do each do?

A

piriformis
gemellus (superior and inferior)
quadrates femoris
obturator internus

all laterally rotate and abduct, except quadrates femurs which just laterally rotates

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the femur

A 
head
neck
greater and lesser trochanter
shaft
lateral and medial epicondyles
lateral and medial condyles
intercondylar fossa
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12
Q

What is the femur epicondyles the origin of?

A

the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the knee

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13
Q

What attaches to the intercondylar fossa of the femur?

A

anterior cruciate ligament (medial aspect)

posterior cruciate ligament (lateral aspect)

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14
Q

What innervates the muscles In the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

all femoral nerve EXCEPT psoas major which is anterior rami

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15
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh and their functions?

A 
Extension of leg:
vastus medialis 
vastus intermedius
vastus lateralis 
psoas major

Thigh flexion:
iliacus

Extends leg and flexes thigh:
rectus femoris

Flexes leg and thigh:
sartorius

Adducts and flexes thigh:
pectineus

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16
Q

Where does the anterior rami nerve leave the spinal cord?

A

L2,L3

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17
Q

What form the ‘quads’?

A

vastus medialis, intermedius and lateralis

quadrates muscle

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18
Q

What is the function of vastus medialis except for leg extension?

A

Vastus medialis also plays a role in preventing the dislocation of the patella dues to the horizontal direction of its most inf. fibres.

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19
Q

What are the muscle of the medial thigh and their functions?

A

ALL adduct the thigh:

adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus (+ extension and flexion of the thigh)
gracilis (+flexion of leg at knee)
obturator externus (+lateral rotation of thigh)

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20
Q

What is the nerve supply to the medial thigh?

A

obturator nerve

adductor magnus is obturator + sciatic

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21
Q

Where does the obturator nerve leave the spinal cord?

A

S2-S4

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22
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior thigh and their functions?

A

biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus

All do: flexion at knee, extension of thigh at hip

biceps femoris laterally rotates at the hip and knee

semitendinosus and semimebranosus does medial rotation of thigh

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23
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve leave the spinal cord?

A

L3-L4

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24
Q

What is another name for the posterior thigh muscles?

A

hamstrings

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25
What makes up the femoral triangle (from lateral to medial)?
femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein
26
What are the border of the femoral triangle?
superior: inguinal ligament medially: adductor longus laterally: sartorius
27
What covers the femoral triangle?
femoral sheath
28
What's in the adductor canal?
femoral artery femoral vein nerve to vastus medialis saphenous nerve
29
What happens to the femoral artery and vein as they exit the adductor canal?
they become the popliteal artery/vein
30
What are the borders of the adductor canal?
anterior: sartorius lateral: vastus medialis posterior: adductor longus and magnus
31
What is contained in the popliteal fossa?
popliteal artery and nerve | tibial and common fibular (common peroneal) nerves
32
What makes up the roof of the popliteal fossa?
popliteal fascia and skin
33
What does the sciatic nerve branch into?
tibial nerve | common peroneal nerve
34
What shape is the popliteal fossa?
diamond
35
What makes the floor of the popliteal fossa?
posterior surface of knee joint capsule popliteus muscle posterior femur
36
What is the largest synovial joint in the body?
knee
37
What is a synovial joint?
ends of bones encased in smooth cartilage | they are protected by a joint capsule lines with a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid
38
How is changes of shape of the articular surface of the knee accommodated?
by the fibrocartilagenous menisci (larger= medial, smller= lateral)
39
What are the ligaments of the knee?
anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments lateral and medial collateral ligaments patellar ligament (inferior) quadriceps ligament (superior)
40
What enables low friction movement of knee joint?
formation of bursae from synovial membrane
41
What is the function of the ACL and PCL?
ACL- prevents anterior dislocation PCL- prevents posterior dislocation
42
Why is the lateral femoral condyle larger than the medial?
to prevent lateral dislocation of the patella
43
What muscles make up the lateral compartment of the leg and what is their function?
fibularis longus fibulas brevis both do eversion of foot, longus also does plantarflexion of foot
44
What innervates the lateral compartment of of leg?
superficial fibular nerve (aka common perineal)
45
How does a lesion of the superficial fibular nerve present?
foot drop and eversion weakness
46
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg and their functions?
ALL do dorsiflexion of foot extensor hallucis longus (+ extension of great toe) extensor digitorium longus (+ extension of lateral 4 toes) tibialis anterior (+inversio of foot) fibularis tertius (+eversion of foot)
47
What does weak inversion/ eversion result from?
inversion- L5 radiculopathy | eversion- common peroneal nerve damage
48
What are the superficial and deep muscles of the posterior leg?
superficial: gastrocnemius plantaris soleus ``` deep: popliteus flexor hallucis flexor digitorium longus tibialis posterior ```
49
What innervates the posterior leg?
tibial nerve
50
What is the blood supply to the posterior leg?
posterior tibial artery
51
Where does the tibial nerve leave the spinal cord?
S1/S2
52
Where do the superficial posterior leg muscles insert?
posterior surface of the calcaneus
53
What are the three types of bones in the foot?
the phalanges, the metatarsals, the tarsals
54
What is different about the phalanges of the great toe?
no middle just distal and proximal
55
What is the name for the bone of the 'heel'?
calcaneus
56
What are the tarsal bones? (from proximal to distal)
Proximal: calcaneus, talus intermediate: navicular distal: cuboid and cuniforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)
57
What are the contents of the tarsal tunnel?
``` tibialis posterior tendon flexor digitorium longus tendon posterior tibial artery and vein tibial nerve flexor hallucis longus tendon ```
58
What is tarsal tunnel syndrome?
entrapment and compression of tibial nerve as it passes through tarsal tunnel
59
What are the borders of the tarsal tunnel?
floor: medial aspect of tibia, talus and calcaneus roof: flexor retinaculum
60
What is the blood supply to the anterior compartment of the lower leg?
anterior tibial artery
61
Where are the roots of the femoral nerve?
L2,3,4
62
What is the terminal branch of the femoral nerve?
saphenous nerve
63
Where are the sciatic nerve roots?
L4-S3
64
Where are the roots of the obturator nerve?
L2-L4

Phase 1 Cards (9 decks)

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