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Phase 1 Cards > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of supine and prone?

A

supine: anatomical position lying flat on their back
prone: anatomical position lying face down

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2
Q

Define flexion

A

bending a joint

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3
Q

Define extension

A

straighten a joint

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4
Q

Define rotation (joint)

A

angle between two bones doesn’t change but axis of one bone rotates relative to the other

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5
Q

Define abduction and adduction

A

abdunction: movement away from midline
adduction: moving limbs toward midline/ fingers closer together

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6
Q

Define pronation and supination

A

pronation: rotation of forearm so palm of hand faces posteriorly
supination: rotation of forearm so palm of hand faces anteriorly

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7
Q

Define inversion and eversion

A

inversion: sole of foot faces towards other food
eversion: movement of the foot where the sole of foot faces outwards

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8
Q

What are the different muscle shapes and their meanings?

A

fusiform: long tendons and a large muscle belly
convergent: wide origin but a narrow insert
multipennate: multiple point origins that converge to a single insert
parallel: have parallel origin and insert of similar size and straight muscle fibres between them
bipennate: straight single origin with 2 fan like muscle bellies spreading from tendon
unipennate: single origin and 1 fan like muscle belly spreading from tendon

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9
Q

What are the superficial gluteal muscles? What do they do?

A

gluteus maximus- extends flexed femur
gluteus medius- abducts, prevents pelvic drop
gluteus minimus- abducts, prevents pelvic drop

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10
Q

What are the deep gluteal muscles? What do each do?

A

piriformis
gemellus (superior and inferior)
quadrates femoris
obturator internus

all laterally rotate and abduct, except quadrates femurs which just laterally rotates

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the femur

A 
head
neck
greater and lesser trochanter
shaft
lateral and medial epicondyles
lateral and medial condyles
intercondylar fossa
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12
Q

What is the femur epicondyles the origin of?

A

the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of the knee

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13
Q

What attaches to the intercondylar fossa of the femur?

A

anterior cruciate ligament (medial aspect)

posterior cruciate ligament (lateral aspect)

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14
Q

What innervates the muscles In the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

all femoral nerve EXCEPT psoas major which is anterior rami

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15
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh and their functions?

A 
Extension of leg:
vastus medialis 
vastus intermedius
vastus lateralis 
psoas major

Thigh flexion:
iliacus

Extends leg and flexes thigh:
rectus femoris

Flexes leg and thigh:
sartorius

Adducts and flexes thigh:
pectineus

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16
Q

Where does the anterior rami nerve leave the spinal cord?

A

L2,L3

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17
Q

What form the ‘quads’?

A

vastus medialis, intermedius and lateralis

quadrates muscle

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18
Q

What is the function of vastus medialis except for leg extension?

A

Vastus medialis also plays a role in preventing the dislocation of the patella dues to the horizontal direction of its most inf. fibres.

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19
Q

What are the muscle of the medial thigh and their functions?

A

ALL adduct the thigh:

adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus (+ extension and flexion of the thigh)
gracilis (+flexion of leg at knee)
obturator externus (+lateral rotation of thigh)

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20
Q

What is the nerve supply to the medial thigh?

A

obturator nerve

adductor magnus is obturator + sciatic

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21
Q

Where does the obturator nerve leave the spinal cord?

A

S2-S4

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22
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior thigh and their functions?

A

biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus

All do: flexion at knee, extension of thigh at hip

biceps femoris laterally rotates at the hip and knee

semitendinosus and semimebranosus does medial rotation of thigh

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23
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve leave the spinal cord?

A

L3-L4

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24
Q

What is another name for the posterior thigh muscles?

A

hamstrings

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25
Q

What makes up the femoral triangle (from lateral to medial)?

A

femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein

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26
Q

What are the border of the femoral triangle?

A

superior: inguinal ligament
medially: adductor longus
laterally: sartorius

27
Q

What covers the femoral triangle?

A

femoral sheath

28
Q

What’s in the adductor canal?

A

femoral artery
femoral vein
nerve to vastus medialis
saphenous nerve

29
Q

What happens to the femoral artery and vein as they exit the adductor canal?

A

they become the popliteal artery/vein

30
Q

What are the borders of the adductor canal?

A

anterior: sartorius
lateral: vastus medialis
posterior: adductor longus and magnus

31
Q

What is contained in the popliteal fossa?

A

popliteal artery and nerve

tibial and common fibular (common peroneal) nerves

32
Q

What makes up the roof of the popliteal fossa?

A

popliteal fascia and skin

33
Q

What does the sciatic nerve branch into?

A

tibial nerve

common peroneal nerve

34
Q

What shape is the popliteal fossa?

A

diamond

35
Q

What makes the floor of the popliteal fossa?

A

posterior surface of knee joint capsule
popliteus muscle
posterior femur

36
Q

What is the largest synovial joint in the body?

A

knee

37
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

ends of bones encased in smooth cartilage

they are protected by a joint capsule lines with a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid

38
Q

How is changes of shape of the articular surface of the knee accommodated?

A

by the fibrocartilagenous menisci (larger= medial, smller= lateral)

39
Q

What are the ligaments of the knee?

A

anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
lateral and medial collateral ligaments
patellar ligament (inferior)
quadriceps ligament (superior)

40
Q

What enables low friction movement of knee joint?

A

formation of bursae from synovial membrane

41
Q

What is the function of the ACL and PCL?

A

ACL- prevents anterior dislocation

PCL- prevents posterior dislocation

42
Q

Why is the lateral femoral condyle larger than the medial?

A

to prevent lateral dislocation of the patella

43
Q

What muscles make up the lateral compartment of the leg and what is their function?

A

fibularis longus
fibulas brevis

both do eversion of foot, longus also does plantarflexion of foot

44
Q

What innervates the lateral compartment of of leg?

A

superficial fibular nerve (aka common perineal)

45
Q

How does a lesion of the superficial fibular nerve present?

A

foot drop and eversion weakness

46
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg and their functions?

A

ALL do dorsiflexion of foot

extensor hallucis longus (+ extension of great toe)

extensor digitorium longus (+ extension of lateral 4 toes)

tibialis anterior (+inversio of foot)

fibularis tertius (+eversion of foot)

47
Q

What does weak inversion/ eversion result from?

A

inversion- L5 radiculopathy

eversion- common peroneal nerve damage

48
Q

What are the superficial and deep muscles of the posterior leg?

A

superficial:
gastrocnemius
plantaris
soleus

deep:
popliteus
flexor hallucis
flexor digitorium longus
tibialis posterior
49
Q

What innervates the posterior leg?

A

tibial nerve

50
Q

What is the blood supply to the posterior leg?

A

posterior tibial artery

51
Q

Where does the tibial nerve leave the spinal cord?

A

S1/S2

52
Q

Where do the superficial posterior leg muscles insert?

A

posterior surface of the calcaneus

53
Q

What are the three types of bones in the foot?

A

the phalanges, the metatarsals, the tarsals

54
Q

What is different about the phalanges of the great toe?

A

no middle just distal and proximal

55
Q

What is the name for the bone of the ‘heel’?

A

calcaneus

56
Q

What are the tarsal bones? (from proximal to distal)

A

Proximal: calcaneus, talus

intermediate: navicular
distal: cuboid and cuniforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)

57
Q

What are the contents of the tarsal tunnel?

A 
tibialis posterior tendon
flexor digitorium longus tendon
posterior tibial artery and vein
tibial nerve
flexor hallucis longus tendon
58
Q

What is tarsal tunnel syndrome?

A

entrapment and compression of tibial nerve as it passes through tarsal tunnel

59
Q

What are the borders of the tarsal tunnel?

A

floor: medial aspect of tibia, talus and calcaneus
roof: flexor retinaculum

60
Q

What is the blood supply to the anterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

anterior tibial artery

61
Q

Where are the roots of the femoral nerve?

A

L2,3,4

62
Q

What is the terminal branch of the femoral nerve?

A

saphenous nerve

63
Q

Where are the sciatic nerve roots?

A

L4-S3

64
Q

Where are the roots of the obturator nerve?

A

L2-L4

Phase 1 Cards (9 decks)

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