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Neural tissues Flashcards

1
Q

In the brain, what is dorsal, ventral, rostral and caudal?

A

Dorsal = up
Ventral = down
Rostral = front
Caudal = back

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2
Q

Which outdated theory suggested the nervous system was a single continuous network?

A

Reticular theory

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3
Q

Which concept suggests the nervous system is made of discrete individual cells which are mutually dependent upon one another?

A

Neuronal doctrine

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4
Q

What is the general name of the 52 areas of the cortex with each area having a particular set of inputs and outputs?

A

Brodmann areas

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5
Q

What is Brodmann area 17?

A

Primary visual cortex

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6
Q

What is Brodmann area 4?

A

Primary motor cortex

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7
Q

What are Brodmann areas of the cortex determined by?

A

Histological architecture.

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

What are axon collaterals?

A

Rare axonal protrusions that provide modulation of cell firing.

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10
Q

Neurons receive and integrate incoming information from what?

A

Sensory receptors or other neurons.

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11
Q

How do neurons transmit information to other neurons or effector organs?

A

Chemically

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12
Q

Where on a neuron does integration and protein synthesis occur?

A

Soma/cell body

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13
Q

Where on a neuron does conduction and transport occur?

A

Axon

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14
Q

Where on a neuron does transmission occur?

A

Axon terminals/Synaptic terminals/Terminal boutons

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15
Q

Each neuron is a _____ entity with a ____ cell membrane.

A

Separate
Limiting

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16
Q

What type of morphology is this neuron?

A

Unipolar

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17
Q

What type of morphology is this neuron?

A

Bipolar

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18
Q

What type of morphology is this neuron?

A

Pseudo-unipolar.
There is one extension from cell body.

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19
Q

What type of morphology are these neurons?

A

Multipolar

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20
Q

What are the small protrusions on dendrites that form functional contacts with neighbouring axons?

A

Dendritic spines.

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21
Q

Dendrites are branched protoplasmic extensions. What is their primary role?

A

To propagate the electrochemical input from other cells to soma.

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22
Q

Up to what % of a neuron can consist of dendrites?

A

95%

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23
Q

On a neuron, where is the nucleus, much of the cytoplasm, most of the metabolic activity and protein synthesis contained?

A

Soma

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24
Q

Where are neurotransmitters produced and stored?

A

Produced in soma.
Stored in synaptic vesicles.

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25
The bigger the cell body, the ____ the neuron projects.
further
26
What is the axon hillock?
Specialised part of the cell body, at the interface between soma and axon. Known as the 'trigger zone' due to the density of voltage gated Na+ channels (AP threshold can be reached triggering AP)
27
What are the benefits of myelinated axons?
Enables saltatory conduction AP passes from node to node Very rapid (Up to 120m/s)
28
What are the three basic types of neurons?
Sensory Motor Interneurons
29
Are sensory and motor neurons afferent or efferent?
Sensory - afferent Motor - efferent
30
Where do interneurons carry messages from and to?
Carry messages from one set of neurons to another. Can bring info from different sources together into one location in CNS.
31
What non-neuronal cells of the CNS are responsible for supporting neurons and providing a suitable environment in which the neurons can function?
Neuroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocyte, microglia)
32
What is the role of oligodendrocytes?
Production and maintenance of myelin sheath
33
Can oligodendrocytes myelinate more than one axon at a time?
Yes - each cell myelinates multiple axons (up to 50)
34
What does myelin consist of?
Myelin Basic Protein Proteolipid Protein Myelin Associated Glycoprotein
35
What protein found in the PNS and CNS facilitates interactions between axon and myelin?
Myelin Associated Glycoprotein
36
Myelination by oligodendrocytes cause an increase and decrease in what?
Increase in nerve conduction velocity Decrease in size of nerves
37
Axonal development is dependent on _____ and oligodendrocyte development is dependent on ____.
Oligodendrocytes Axons
38
What cell in the CNS is activated by pathogens and is distributed in regular mosaic patterns?
Microglia
39
What is the main role of microglial cells?
Phagocytic and immune. Promote repair.
40
Microglia appear in great numbers shortly before birth as what?
amoeboid (active) microglia
41
When do amoeboid microglia mature?
At birth when BBB forms, amoeboid matures and assumes it's 'resting' state as microglia.
42
What are the core functions of embryonic macrophages/microglia?
Apoptotic clearance Selective killers as well as 'dustmen'
43
What are the main roles of astrocytes in the CNS?
Provides structural support Supply nutrients (glucose) Maintain ionic environment (remove K+) Neurotransmitter uptake Repair of nervous system Form protective barrier around vessels (BBB)
44
Astrocytes regulate synaptogenesis. What is this?
The development of synapses between neurons.
45
Astrocytes form a continuous syncytium. What do they do to other neural cells in relation to the syncytium?
Integrate them in.
46
Astrocytes form and regulate the BBB. What does this involve?
Formation of the glial-vascular interface Regulation of cerebral microcirculation
47
What metabolic functions do astrocytes have?
Provide energy substrates for neurons Collect neuronal waste
48
Which extracellular ions do astrocytes regulate?
K+ - following fluctuations associated with neuronal activity.
49
What signalling functions do astrocytes have?
Modulation of synaptic transmission Metabolism and synthesis of NT Release of NT
50
What are the two broad classifications of astrocytes?
Fibrous astrocytes in WM Protoplasmic astrocytes in GM
51
What is the glutamate-glutamine shuttle?
80% of glutamate released at synapse taken up by astrocytes -> astrocytes convert glutamate to glutamine -> release glutamine into synaptic cleft -> taken up by presynaptic terminal -> converted back to glutamate.
52
What are astrocytes connected via and what can they transport?
Gap junctions Ca2+
53
What cells in the CNS line the brain's ventricles and central canal of spinal cord?
Ependymal cells
54
How can ependymal cells control fluid homeostasis?
They have direct contact with CSF so can transport electrolytes/solutes between CSF and brain parenchyma
55
What structure offers immune privileged status to the CNS?
BBB
56
What does the BBB consist of?
Astrocytes Pericytes Blood endothelial cells bound tightly and acting as neurovascular units
57
What size particles can pass through the BBB?
<500 daltons in young adults >500 daltons in old adults
58
BBB dysregulation is evidenced in what conditions?
Alzheimers Delirium
59
What is the role of Schwann cells in the PNS?
Myelinate axons (spiral wrapping) Provide substrate for axon to grow along One Schwann cell myelinates one axon
60
What cells are located exclusively in the peripheral ganglia (same site as sensory, parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia)?
Satellite glial cells
61
What distinctive morphology do satellite glial cells have?
They wrap around neuronal cell bodies, in most cases forming a complete envelope.
62
What are the main functions of satellite glial cells?
Unclear but thought to support neurons, supply nutrients + regulate the exchange of materials.
63
What are the glial cells of the PNS?
Schwann cells Satellite cells
64
What are the glial cells in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes Microglial cells Astrocytes Ependymal cells
65
___ cells are the most common source of tumours of the nervous system, as they are able to ___.
Glial Divide
66
Do glial cells have action potentials?
No
67
Where are gliomas usually present?
Inside cranium - intra-axial (in brain parenchyma)
68
What neural tumour is most common in children and infants?
Neuroblastoma
69
Where are neuroblastomas usually located?
Outside cranium e.g. adrenal glands, abdomen, thorax, neck, spine
70
What are neuroblastomas derived from?
Neural crest cells from sympathetic nervous system.
71
Are neurons pre or post mitotic and why is this relevant?
Post-mitotic Could lead to a cascade of neuronal loss which cannot be replaced.
72
What is dendritic arborisation?
The formation of new dendritic trees and branches to create new synapses.
73
What does myelin associated glycoprotein do? Is it in the CNS or PNS?
Facilitates interactions between the axon and myelin. Present in both CNS and PNS.
74
Astrocytes regulate neurogenesis and gliogenesis. What are they?
Gliogenesis - formation of glial cells Neurogenesis - formation of neurons
75
How can ependymal cells assist in the movement of CSF?
They have cilia, so they use this to move CSF

NSB Lectures (48 decks)

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