Anatomy of Memory and Emotions Flashcards
What is the type of memory which is consciously recalled as facts / events?
Declarative memory
What is the name for implicit memories involving acquired motor & cognitive skills? (E.g. tying shoelaces)
Procedural memory (implicit)
What can declarative memory be divided into?
Episodic memories
&
Semantic memories
What is the difference between episodic and semantic memories?
Episodic = recall of personal facts & memories
Semantic = recall of general facts
What are the sub-divisions of episodic memories?
Working
&
Long Term
What is the difference between working and long-term episodic memories?
Working - information is temporarily stored
Long-term - more permanent form - can retrieve the information for long periods after the event
What processes can help us store memories?
Rehearsal using the Articulatory loop or the visual sketchpad
Emotional context added to memories.
What is it called when Ps cannot formulate new memories?
Anterograde amnesia
What is it called when Ps cannot recall or lose their past memories?
Retrograde amnesia
Name two types of examinations to test semantic memory (and what they are).
(1). Phonological fluency test - recall as many words to a letter for 1 min.
(2). Categorical fluency - recall as many responses to a category within 1 min.
Is implicit memory long or short term?
Long-term
Name three types of implicit memory (and explain what each is)
(1) Procedural memory - acquisition of motor and cognitive skills (tying shoelaces)
(2) Classical conditioning - training a response to a specific stimulus (learning by association)
(3) Perceptual learning - sensory systems learning from previous stimuli to give better future performance (picture of trees) - using previously acquired knowledge to improve future performance.
What are the three stages of procedural memory?
Cognitive stage
Association stage
Autonomous stage
What are the three core functions of the hippocampus?
Episodic memory
Encoding & recollection of long term memories
Spatial processing and navigation
Which part of the brain is responsible for episodic memory + long term memories + spatial processing & navigation?
Hippocampus
What are the names of the cells in the hippocampus that are responsible for spatial processing and navigation?
Place cells
Which part of the hippocampus is involved in spatial processing and navigation?
Parahippocampal gyrus
Where does the hippocampus reside in the brain?
In the medial aspect of the temporal lobe.
(Middle temporal lobe)
What is the hippocampus close to?
The uncus
What does CA stand for?
Cornu Ammonis (latin - ram’s horn)
How many subdivisions of the hippocampus are there?
Can you name them?
6
CA 1-4
Dentate Gyrus
Subiculum
Which part of the hippocampus is linked to adult neurogenesis?
Dentate gyrus
What can down regulate adult neurogenesis?
Cortisol being released after stressful events
Which part of the brain is responsible for producing cortisol in response to stress?
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis
Which part of the hippocampus is responsible for forming & encoding new memories?
Hippocampus proper
What is the subiculum responsible for?
Neuroplasticity in the brain
Which parts of the hippocampus are involved in forming episodic memories?
CA3 & 4 + Dente gyrus
What types of neurones are found in the hippocampus?
Pyramidal neurons - which are multipolar neurons.
Which part of the hippocampus is termed the “hippocampus proper”?
Cornu Ammonis region (CA1-4)
Which part of the hippocampus contains granular cells?
Dentate gyrus
Where does the hippocampus receive input from?
Cerebral cortex - multiple areas
How does information enter the hippocampus?
Through the entorhinal cortex and into the subiculum.
Where does output from the hippocampus reach?
Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Septal nuclei
Nucleus acumbens
Mamillary bodies
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
What is the major output pathway from the subiculum?
The fornix
What problems can arise from damage to the hippocampus?
Amnesia
Difficulty In spacial navigation
Regulatory problems - sleep & impulse control
What things can damage the hippocampus?
Hypoxia
Epilepsy
Neurodegenerative disorders
Infection
Stress/depression
Which cortex is associated with working memory?
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Which cortex is associated with recognition memory of places?
Parahippocampal gyrus (PPA) - parahippocampal place area
Which area is associated with recognition of faces?
Fusiform Face Area (FFA)
What does the amygdala do?
Reward association
Fear conditioning
Emotional enhancement of episodic memory
Which part of the brain is associated with expressing emotions & encoding & consolidating new memories?
Mamillary bodies & fornix
What is the limbic system concerned with?
Emotional core - basic needs - food, warmth, sex & survival
Which vesicles of the brain house the limbic system?
Telencephalon & diencephalon
Which area of the brain is implicated in chronic pain?
Limbic system
What is an alternative name for the limbic system?
Paleomammalian cortex
What does the limbic system interface between?
Subcortical and cortical structures
Where is the amygdala found?
Rostromedial part of the temporal lobe.
Front middle temporal lobe
What are the two parts of the amygdala?
Basolateral complex
Central nucleus
What is the basolateral complex of the amygdala responsible for?
Sensory input
Associative learning (conditioning learning)
Which part of the brain is linked to conditioning learning?
Amygdala - basolateral complex
What does information pass through before it enters the basolateral complex of the amygdala?
Lateral nucleus
What is the output part of the amygdala?
The central nucleus
Where does information from the central nucleus of the amygdala go to?
Hypothalamus & brain stem
What are the functions of the amygdala?
Threat detection & fear reactions (FOF)
Fear conditioning (Pavlovian) - learning what is threatening and what is not.
Emotional enhancement of memory - arousal, intensity, reward, motivational behaviours
Olfaction
Which part of the brain is responsible for all of the following?
- Stress response
- Arousal
- Emotional awareness (Theory of mind)
- Cognitive control of emotion
Dorsal anterior cingulate
Which cortex is responsible for the following:
- Cravings & urges
- Anxiety
Insular cortex
What is the theory of mind?
Ability to recognise that other people have thought and feelings different from our own.
Which sub-cortical structure is linked to all of the following:
- Habits / motivation / urges
- Emotional expression
Striatum
Which sub-cortical structure is linked to the following:
- Reward and motivation
Ventral striatum (aka Nucleus accumbens)
