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NSB Lectures > Anatomy of Memory and Emotions > Flashcards

Anatomy of Memory and Emotions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the type of memory which is consciously recalled as facts / events?

A

Declarative memory

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2
Q

What is the name for implicit memories involving acquired motor & cognitive skills? (E.g. tying shoelaces)

A

Procedural memory (implicit)

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3
Q

What can declarative memory be divided into?

A

Episodic memories
&
Semantic memories

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4
Q

What is the difference between episodic and semantic memories?

A

Episodic = recall of personal facts & memories

Semantic = recall of general facts

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5
Q

What are the sub-divisions of episodic memories?

A

Working
&
Long Term

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6
Q

What is the difference between working and long-term episodic memories?

A

Working - information is temporarily stored

Long-term - more permanent form - can retrieve the information for long periods after the event

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7
Q

What processes can help us store memories?

A

Rehearsal using the Articulatory loop or the visual sketchpad

Emotional context added to memories.

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8
Q

What is it called when Ps cannot formulate new memories?

A

Anterograde amnesia

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9
Q

What is it called when Ps cannot recall or lose their past memories?

A

Retrograde amnesia

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10
Q

Name two types of examinations to test semantic memory (and what they are).

A

(1). Phonological fluency test - recall as many words to a letter for 1 min.

(2). Categorical fluency - recall as many responses to a category within 1 min.

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11
Q

Is implicit memory long or short term?

A

Long-term

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12
Q

Name three types of implicit memory (and explain what each is)

A

(1) Procedural memory - acquisition of motor and cognitive skills (tying shoelaces)

(2) Classical conditioning - training a response to a specific stimulus (learning by association)

(3) Perceptual learning - sensory systems learning from previous stimuli to give better future performance (picture of trees) - using previously acquired knowledge to improve future performance.

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13
Q

What are the three stages of procedural memory?

A

Cognitive stage
Association stage
Autonomous stage

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14
Q

What are the three core functions of the hippocampus?

A

Episodic memory

Encoding & recollection of long term memories

Spatial processing and navigation

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15
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for episodic memory + long term memories + spatial processing & navigation?

A

Hippocampus

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16
Q

What are the names of the cells in the hippocampus that are responsible for spatial processing and navigation?

A

Place cells

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17
Q

Which part of the hippocampus is involved in spatial processing and navigation?

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

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18
Q

Where does the hippocampus reside in the brain?

A

In the medial aspect of the temporal lobe.

(Middle temporal lobe)

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19
Q

What is the hippocampus close to?

A

The uncus

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20
Q

What does CA stand for?

A

Cornu Ammonis (latin - ram’s horn)

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21
Q

How many subdivisions of the hippocampus are there?

Can you name them?

A

6

CA 1-4
Dentate Gyrus
Subiculum

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22
Q

Which part of the hippocampus is linked to adult neurogenesis?

A

Dentate gyrus

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23
Q

What can down regulate adult neurogenesis?

A

Cortisol being released after stressful events

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24
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for producing cortisol in response to stress?

A

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis

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25
Q

Which part of the hippocampus is responsible for forming & encoding new memories?

A

Hippocampus proper

26
Q

What is the subiculum responsible for?

A

Neuroplasticity in the brain

27
Q

Which parts of the hippocampus are involved in forming episodic memories?

A

CA3 & 4 + Dente gyrus

28
Q

What types of neurones are found in the hippocampus?

A

Pyramidal neurons - which are multipolar neurons.

29
Q

Which part of the hippocampus is termed the “hippocampus proper”?

A

Cornu Ammonis region (CA1-4)

30
Q
A
31
Q

Which part of the hippocampus contains granular cells?

A

Dentate gyrus

32
Q

Where does the hippocampus receive input from?

A

Cerebral cortex - multiple areas

33
Q

How does information enter the hippocampus?

A

Through the entorhinal cortex and into the subiculum.

34
Q

Where does output from the hippocampus reach?

A

Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Septal nuclei
Nucleus acumbens
Mamillary bodies
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

35
Q

What is the major output pathway from the subiculum?

A

The fornix

36
Q
A
37
Q

What problems can arise from damage to the hippocampus?

A

Amnesia
Difficulty In spacial navigation
Regulatory problems - sleep & impulse control

38
Q

What things can damage the hippocampus?

A

Hypoxia
Epilepsy
Neurodegenerative disorders
Infection
Stress/depression

39
Q

Which cortex is associated with working memory?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

40
Q

Which cortex is associated with recognition memory of places?

A

Parahippocampal gyrus (PPA) - parahippocampal place area

41
Q

Which area is associated with recognition of faces?

A

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

42
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Reward association
Fear conditioning
Emotional enhancement of episodic memory

43
Q

Which part of the brain is associated with expressing emotions & encoding & consolidating new memories?

A

Mamillary bodies & fornix

44
Q
A
45
Q

What is the limbic system concerned with?

A

Emotional core - basic needs - food, warmth, sex & survival

46
Q

Which vesicles of the brain house the limbic system?

A

Telencephalon & diencephalon

47
Q

Which area of the brain is implicated in chronic pain?

A

Limbic system

48
Q

What is an alternative name for the limbic system?

A

Paleomammalian cortex

49
Q

What does the limbic system interface between?

A

Subcortical and cortical structures

50
Q

Where is the amygdala found?

A

Rostromedial part of the temporal lobe.

Front middle temporal lobe

51
Q

What are the two parts of the amygdala?

A

Basolateral complex

Central nucleus

52
Q

What is the basolateral complex of the amygdala responsible for?

A

Sensory input
Associative learning (conditioning learning)

53
Q

Which part of the brain is linked to conditioning learning?

A

Amygdala - basolateral complex

54
Q

What does information pass through before it enters the basolateral complex of the amygdala?

A

Lateral nucleus

55
Q

What is the output part of the amygdala?

A

The central nucleus

56
Q

Where does information from the central nucleus of the amygdala go to?

A

Hypothalamus & brain stem

57
Q

What are the functions of the amygdala?

A

Threat detection & fear reactions (FOF)

Fear conditioning (Pavlovian) - learning what is threatening and what is not.

Emotional enhancement of memory - arousal, intensity, reward, motivational behaviours

Olfaction

58
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for all of the following?
- Stress response
- Arousal
- Emotional awareness (Theory of mind)
- Cognitive control of emotion

A

Dorsal anterior cingulate

59
Q

Which cortex is responsible for the following:
- Cravings & urges
- Anxiety

A

Insular cortex

60
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

Ability to recognise that other people have thought and feelings different from our own.

61
Q

Which sub-cortical structure is linked to all of the following:
- Habits / motivation / urges
- Emotional expression

A

Striatum

62
Q

Which sub-cortical structure is linked to the following:
- Reward and motivation

A

Ventral striatum (aka Nucleus accumbens)

NSB Lectures (48 decks)

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