Anatomy of Memory and Emotions

Question 1

What is the type of memory which is consciously recalled as facts / events?

Answer 1

Declarative memory

Question 2

What is the name for implicit memories involving acquired motor & cognitive skills? (E.g. tying shoelaces)

Answer 2

Procedural memory (implicit)

Question 3

What can declarative memory be divided into?

Answer 3

Episodic memories
&
Semantic memories

Question 4

What is the difference between episodic and semantic memories?

Answer 4

Episodic = recall of personal facts & memories

Semantic = recall of general facts

Question 5

What are the sub-divisions of episodic memories?

Answer 5

Working
&
Long Term

Question 6

What is the difference between working and long-term episodic memories?

Answer 6

Working - information is temporarily stored

Long-term - more permanent form - can retrieve the information for long periods after the event

Question 7

What processes can help us store memories?

Answer 7

Rehearsal using the Articulatory loop or the visual sketchpad

Emotional context added to memories.

Question 8

What is it called when Ps cannot formulate new memories?

Answer 8

Anterograde amnesia

Question 9

What is it called when Ps cannot recall or lose their past memories?

Answer 9

Retrograde amnesia

Question 10

Name two types of examinations to test semantic memory (and what they are).

Answer 10

(1). Phonological fluency test - recall as many words to a letter for 1 min.

(2). Categorical fluency - recall as many responses to a category within 1 min.

Question 11

Is implicit memory long or short term?

Answer 11

Long-term

Question 12

Name three types of implicit memory (and explain what each is)

Answer 12

(1) Procedural memory - acquisition of motor and cognitive skills (tying shoelaces)

(2) Classical conditioning - training a response to a specific stimulus (learning by association)

(3) Perceptual learning - sensory systems learning from previous stimuli to give better future performance (picture of trees) - using previously acquired knowledge to improve future performance.

Question 13

What are the three stages of procedural memory?

Answer 13

Cognitive stage
Association stage
Autonomous stage

Question 14

What are the three core functions of the hippocampus?

Answer 14

Episodic memory

Encoding & recollection of long term memories

Spatial processing and navigation

Question 15

Which part of the brain is responsible for episodic memory + long term memories + spatial processing & navigation?

Answer 15

Hippocampus

Question 16

What are the names of the cells in the hippocampus that are responsible for spatial processing and navigation?

Answer 16

Place cells

Question 17

Which part of the hippocampus is involved in spatial processing and navigation?

Answer 17

Parahippocampal gyrus

Question 18

Where does the hippocampus reside in the brain?

Answer 18

In the medial aspect of the temporal lobe.

(Middle temporal lobe)

Question 19

What is the hippocampus close to?

Answer 19

The uncus

Question 20

What does CA stand for?

Answer 20

Cornu Ammonis (latin - ram’s horn)

Question 21

How many subdivisions of the hippocampus are there?

Can you name them?

Answer 21

6

CA 1-4
Dentate Gyrus
Subiculum

Question 22

Which part of the hippocampus is linked to adult neurogenesis?

Answer 22

Dentate gyrus

Question 23

What can down regulate adult neurogenesis?

Answer 23

Cortisol being released after stressful events

Question 24

Which part of the brain is responsible for producing cortisol in response to stress?

Answer 24

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Question 25

Which part of the hippocampus is responsible for forming & encoding new memories?

Answer 25

Hippocampus proper

Question 26

What is the subiculum responsible for?

Answer 26

Neuroplasticity in the brain

Question 27

Which parts of the hippocampus are involved in forming episodic memories?

Answer 27

CA3 & 4 + Dente gyrus

Question 28

What types of neurones are found in the hippocampus?

Answer 28

Pyramidal neurons - which are multipolar neurons.

Question 29

Which part of the hippocampus is termed the "hippocampus proper"?

Answer 29

Cornu Ammonis region (CA1-4)

Question 30

Answer 30

Question 31

Which part of the hippocampus contains granular cells?

Answer 31

Dentate gyrus

Question 32

Where does the hippocampus receive input from?

Answer 32

Cerebral cortex - multiple areas

Question 33

How does information enter the hippocampus?

Answer 33

Through the entorhinal cortex and into the subiculum.

Question 34

Where does output from the hippocampus reach?

Answer 34

Prefrontal cortex Amygdala Septal nuclei Nucleus acumbens Mamillary bodies Thalamus Hypothalamus

Question 35

What is the major output pathway from the subiculum?

Answer 35

The fornix

Question 36

Answer 36

Question 37

What problems can arise from damage to the hippocampus?

Answer 37

Amnesia Difficulty In spacial navigation Regulatory problems - sleep & impulse control

Question 38

What things can damage the hippocampus?

Answer 38

Hypoxia Epilepsy Neurodegenerative disorders Infection Stress/depression

Question 39

Which cortex is associated with working memory?

Answer 39

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 40

Which cortex is associated with recognition memory of places?

Answer 40

Parahippocampal gyrus (PPA) - parahippocampal place area

Question 41

Which area is associated with recognition of faces?

Answer 41

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

Question 42

What does the amygdala do?

Answer 42

Reward association Fear conditioning Emotional enhancement of episodic memory

Question 43

Which part of the brain is associated with expressing emotions & encoding & consolidating new memories?

Answer 43

Mamillary bodies & fornix

Question 44

Answer 44

Question 45

What is the limbic system concerned with?

Answer 45

Emotional core - basic needs - food, warmth, sex & survival

Question 46

Which vesicles of the brain house the limbic system?

Answer 46

Telencephalon & diencephalon

Question 47

Which area of the brain is implicated in chronic pain?

Answer 47

Limbic system

Question 48

What is an alternative name for the limbic system?

Answer 48

Paleomammalian cortex

Question 49

What does the limbic system interface between?

Answer 49

Subcortical and cortical structures

Question 50

Where is the amygdala found?

Answer 50

Rostromedial part of the temporal lobe. Front middle temporal lobe

Question 51

What are the two parts of the amygdala?

Answer 51

Basolateral complex Central nucleus

Question 52

What is the basolateral complex of the amygdala responsible for?

Answer 52

Sensory input Associative learning (conditioning learning)

Question 53

Which part of the brain is linked to conditioning learning?

Answer 53

Amygdala - basolateral complex

Question 54

What does information pass through before it enters the basolateral complex of the amygdala?

Answer 54

Lateral nucleus

Question 55

What is the output part of the amygdala?

Answer 55

The central nucleus

Question 56

Where does information from the central nucleus of the amygdala go to?

Answer 56

Hypothalamus & brain stem

Question 57

What are the functions of the amygdala?

Answer 57

Threat detection & fear reactions (FOF) Fear conditioning (Pavlovian) - learning what is threatening and what is not. Emotional enhancement of memory - arousal, intensity, reward, motivational behaviours Olfaction

Question 58

Which part of the brain is responsible for all of the following? - Stress response - Arousal - Emotional awareness (Theory of mind) - Cognitive control of emotion

Answer 58

Dorsal anterior cingulate

Question 59

Which cortex is responsible for the following: - Cravings & urges - Anxiety

Answer 59

Insular cortex

Question 60

What is the theory of mind?

Answer 60

Ability to recognise that other people have thought and feelings different from our own.

Question 61

Which sub-cortical structure is linked to all of the following: - Habits / motivation / urges - Emotional expression

Answer 61

Striatum

Question 62

Which sub-cortical structure is linked to the following: - Reward and motivation

Answer 62

Ventral striatum (aka Nucleus accumbens)