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Cellular and Systems Neuroscience > Neural Stem Cells > Flashcards

Neural Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Features of neural stems cells

A

Capacity for self renewal
Capacity to form differentiated progeny (itself/other cell types)

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2
Q

Totipotent

A

Forms all lineages of the organism and extra embryonic tissue
Zygote/oocyte and early blastomeres

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3
Q

Pluripotent

A

Forms all lineages of the body but no extra embryonic tissue
ES/inner cell mass of blastocyst

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4
Q

Multipotent

A

Adult stem cells form multiple cell types of one lineage (haematopoietic cells)

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5
Q

Neural stem cells examples

A

Neurons
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocyte and OPCs
Ependymal cells
NOT microglia

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6
Q

Types of NSCs

A

Neuroepithelial cells form radial glia
Adult neural SC/radial glia like cells

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7
Q

Where are radial glia located

A

Lateral ventricle

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8
Q

Role of radial glia

A

Scaffold for neuroblasts
Divide to form neurons
1 RG and 1 N

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9
Q

What do neural progenitors form

A

2 neurons

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10
Q

Direct neurogenesis

A

RG to neuron

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11
Q

Indirect neurogenesis

A

RG to NP to neurons

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12
Q

What does the dentate gyrus (hippocampus) contain

A

Dense population of granule cells

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13
Q

3 methods of proving neurogenesis

A

1) nucleotide analogues (NeuN/Brdu/DCX) markers
2) retrovirus during cell division
3) specific markers (transgenic mice have reported genes)

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14
Q

2 major sites of neurogenesis

A

Subventricular zone SVZ
Subgranular zone SGZ

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15
Q

Functions of NSCs in adult brain

A

OB - olfactory learning SVZ
Hippocampus- pattern separation
LV - SVZ neurogenesis forms glial cells

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16
Q

What does the stem cell niche contain

A

NSC
Astroglia
Oligodendroglia
Neurons
Blood vessels (endothelial cells and pericytes)
ECM
Growth factors

17
Q

Role of C cells/IPC/transit amplifying cells

A

Divide rapidly
3/4 rounds then neurons

18
Q

What do neurogenic NSCs form

A

Astrocytes not oligodendrocytes

19
Q

GABAR in dentate gyrus

A

Adult:
GABAr open, Cl- in
Newborn:
GABAr open, Cl- out drives excitation

20
Q

What specifies the neuron

A

Regional origin determines subtype specification
Originates from RG

21
Q

2 models of specification

A

Maintained SC model (SC to neuron)
Set aside model (SC to SC to all neurons)

22
Q

What is quiescence

A

Reversible cell cycle arrest (G0 and G2)

23
Q

Roles of quiescence

A

Cells do not divide
Prevents exhaustion
Protects against DNA damage

24
Q

2 types of quiescence

A

DEEP - no dividing (similar morphology to Astrocytes)

SHALLOW - divided then return to quiescence, reduced metabolism

25
Q

Properties of active SCs

A

Lipid synthesis
Oxidative phosphorylation
Proteasomal activity

26
Q

What does active signalling use

A

Ascl1- drives SC activity
Ins/GF1
mTOR (boosts protein synthesis)

27
Q

What does quiescent signalling use

A

NOTCH signalling (Receptors undergo cleavage)
Hes1/5 (inhibits ascl1)
Id4 (inhibits differentiation)
PTEN (inhibits mTOR and PI3K)

28
Q

What occurs with ageing

A

Increase in quiescence
Prevents exhaustion of SC pool

29
Q

What does transcriptomics show

A

Similar cells end up in clusters
(Astrocytes and radial glial)

30
Q

Astrocytes to new neurons (in-vitro)

Magnusson et al., 2016

A

Astrocytes
IPCs/C cells/transit amplifying cells
Neuroblasts
New neurons

31
Q

What are cerebral organoids

A

Interface of in vitro (2D) and in vivo
Resemble an organ

32
Q

Applications of cerebral organoids

A

Transcriptomics
Disease modeling
Drug screening
Brain regional identity
Electrophysiological identity
Brain evolution

33
Q

What is the role of choroid plexus organoids

A

Contributes to CSF and CSF clearance

34
Q

Limitations to organoids

A

Not all cells types represented
No cranium/meninges (contain immature cells which signal to the brain)
Complex structures incomplete
Difficult to study age related diseases /AD

Cellular and Systems Neuroscience (21 decks)

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