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Neuro - Week 2 > Neural Development > Flashcards

Neural Development Flashcards

1
Q

Myelination begins approximately at this time in intrauterine life

A

4th month

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2
Q

Tracts myelinate at about the time they start to ______

A

Function

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3
Q

Process by which brain and most of the spinal cord form

A

Primary neurulation

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4
Q

Plate of thickened ectoderm

A

Neural plate

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5
Q

Elevated lateral edges of the neural plate

A

Neural folds

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6
Q

This is formed by fusion of neural folds

A

Neural tube

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7
Q

Neural tube is formed by fusion of these

A

Neural folds

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8
Q

Closure of this establishes the CNS

A

Neural tube

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9
Q

Neural tube fusion begins in this region and proceeds in cephalic and caudal directions

A

Cervical region

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10
Q

Rostral neuropore closes by this day of development

A

24/25

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11
Q

Caudal neuropore closes by this day of development

A

26/27

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12
Q

This birth defect occurs due to failure of neural tube to completely close during development

A

Dysraphism

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13
Q

In fetuses with open neural tube defects, elevated maternal serum levels of this are measured at 16-18 weeks gestation

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

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14
Q

Levels of these two compounds in amniotic fluid are elevated in dysraphism

A

Alpha-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase

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15
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein levels and acetylcholinesterase in amniotic fluid are elevated in this birth defect

A

Dysraphism

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16
Q

Prophylactic supplementation of this can significantly lower the incidence and recurrence rate of neural tube defects

A

Folic acid

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17
Q

Birth defect where a sac-like structure filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protrudes through an opening in the spine or skull

A

Meningocele

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18
Q

Neural tube defect that occurs when the brain, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid protrude through a gap in the skull

A

Meningohydroencephalocele

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19
Q

Birth defect caused by failure of closure of rostral part of neural tube
Brain tissue forms abnormally and then degenerates due to exposure to amniotic fluid and lack of blood supply

A

Anencephaly

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20
Q

In this birth defect, the forebrain is absent and is replaced by a reddish irregular mass of vascular tissue → area cerebrovasculosa

A

Anencephaly

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21
Q

In ancenephaly, the forebrain is absent and replaced by this

A

Area cerebrovasculosa
(composed of connective tissue, hemorrhagic vascular channels, glia, and disorganized choroid plexus)

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22
Q

Are females or males more likely to have anencephaly?

A

Females

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23
Q

Spina bifida defects are due to this

A

Defective closure of neuropore

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24
Q

This is the most severe form of spina bifida where there is complete exposure of the CNS, and can cause paralysis at the level of defect downward

A

Spina bifida with rachischisis

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25
This is the process by which terminal part of the spinal cord forms
Secondary neurulation
26
At birth, the spinal cord ends at this vertebral level
L3
27
In the adult, the spinal cord terminates at the level of this vertebral level
L1-L2
28
In the adult, the dural and subarachnoid spaces extend to this vertebral level
S2
29
The forebrain forms from this
Prosencephalon
30
In week 5, the prosencephalon develops into these 2 structures
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
31
This ventricle is found in the telencephalon
Lateral ventricle
32
This ventricle is found in the diencephalon
3rd ventricle
33
Cerebral aqueduct is found in this part of the brain
Mesencephalon
34
Hindbrain forms from this
Rhombencephalon
35
In week 5 of development, the rhombencephalon develops into these two structures
Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
36
This forms the cerebellum and pons
Metencephalon
37
This forms the medulla
Myelencephalon
38
The fourth ventricle is found between these two structures
Metencephalon and myelencephalon
39
This flexure forms during the 3rd week of development at the level of mesencephalon
Cephalic
40
This flexure forms during the 5th week of development at the junction between rhombencephalon and spinal cord
Cervical
41
This flexure forms during the 6th week of development at the level of metencephalon
Pontine
42
CSF flows from the lateral ventricles through this to the third ventricle
Interventricular foramen of Monroe
43
CSF flows from the third ventricle through this in the mesencephalon to the fourth ventricle in the metencephalon
Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
44
CSF fluid leaves the fourth ventricle through these two lateral openings
Foramina of Luschka
45
CSF fluid leaves the fourth ventricle through this midline opening
Foramen of Magendie
46
Hydrocephalus is due to this
Blocked circulation of CSF
47
"Satellite eyes" are seen in this defect
Hydrocephalus
48
Condition where CSF builds up in the brain's ventricles due to an obstruction in the flow of CSF outside the ventricles
Communicating hydrocephalus
49
Most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus May be transmitted by an X-linked trait, or it may be caused by cytomegalovirus or toxoplasmosis Associated mostly with dilated lateral ventricle
Congenital aqueductal stenosis
50
Innermost layer of neural tissues
Neuroepithelial
51
Outermost layer of neural tissues
Marginal
52
What are the 3 layers of neural tissue, from inner to outermost?
Neuroepithelial Mantle Marginal
53
Neural tissue layer that forms the gray matter
Mantle
54
Neural tissue layer that forms the white matter
Marginal
55
Neuroepithelium expresses this
Nestin
56
This cell lineage expresses Nestin
Neuroepithelium
57
This cell lineage expresses neurofilament
Neuronal lineage progenitor cells (mature neurons)
58
This cell lineage expresses GFAP
Glial lineage progenitor cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells)
59
This cell lineage expresses Vimentin
Mesenchymal cells (microglia)
60
Neuronal lineage progenitor cells express this
Neurofilament
61
Glial lineage progenitor cells express this
GFAP
62
Mesenchymal cell lineage expresses this
Vimentin
63
These are ventral thickenings that form the motor areas of the spinal cord
Basal plate
64
These are dorsal thickenings that form the sensory areas of the spinal cord
Alar plates
65
Basal plates form the motor or sensory areas of the spinal cord?
Motor
66
Alar plates form the motor or sensory areas of the spinal cord?
Sensory
67
This longitudinal groove marks the boundary between basal (ventral) and alar (dorsal) plates
Sulcus limitans
68
Do the dorsal and ventral midline portions of the neural tube (known as the roof and floor plates, respectively), contain neuroblasts?
No
69
These molecular signals establish sensory regions of the spinal cord
BMPs
70
These molecular signals establish motor regions of the spinal cord
SHH
71
This is a thin, vascular membrane that lines the ventricles of the brain. It is formed by the fusion of the pia mater and the ependyma (the lining of the ventricles)
Tela choroidea
72
Some neuroblasts of the alar plate in the myelencaphlon (medulla) migrate ventrally to form this nuclei
Inferior olivary nuclei
73
Pontine nuclei originate from these plates
Alar plates
74
This develops from dorsolateral thickenings (rhombic lips) of the metencephalon that overgrow the roof of the 4th ventricle
Cerebellum
75
These lips fuse in the midline to form the vermis, which is flanked on either side by enlarging cerebellar hemispheres
Rhombic lips
76
Neuroblasts from this plates migrate to form the superior and inferior colliculi
Alar plates
77
Neuroblasts from this plates give rise to cranial nerve (CN III and IV) nuclei, reticular nuclei, red nuclei, and substantia nigra
Basal plates
78
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland develops from this
Rathke's pouch (ectodermal diverticulum of the primitive oral cavity)
79
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland develops from this
Infundibulum (neuroectodermal ventral evagination from the hypothalamus)
80
This is a neuroectodermal ventral evagination from the hypothalamus that develops into the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Infundibulum
81
This is an ectodermal diverticulum of the primitive oral cavity that develops into the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Rathke's pouch
82
Who is more likely to have megalencephaly, male or female?
Male
83
Does bilateral or unilateral involvement of Schizencephaly cause developmental delays and seizures?
Bilateral
84
Does bilateral or unilateral involvement of Schizencephaly cause hemiplegia and developmental delays?
Unilateral
85
Mutations in human homeobox gene EMX2 can cause this
Familial schizencephaly
86
Mutations in this can cause familial schizencephaly
Human homeobox gene, EMX2
87
This defect is caused by the prosencephaly failing to cleave down the midline, resulting in the telencephalon containing a single ventricle
Holoprosencephaly
88
Mild form of this defect involves an absence of olfactory bulbs and tracts
Holoprosencephaly
89
Severe form of this involves cyclops, synophthalmia, and fusion of nose or central incisors
Holoprosencephaly
90
This defect is the most severe manifestation of fetal alcohol syndrome, and is also often seen in trisomy 13 and 18
Holoprosencephaly
91
Mutations in this can result in Holoprosencephaly
SHH
92
Rhombomeres give rise to motor nuclei of these 8 cranial nerves
IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII
93
Cranial nerve and glangion that originates from the first epibranchial placode
CN VII (geniculate ganglion)
94
Cranial nerve and glangion that originates from the otic placode
CN VIII (acoustic ganglion)
95
Cranial nerve and glangion that originates from the second epibranchial placode
CN IX (inferior ganglion)
96
Cranial nerve and glangion that originates from the third and fourth epibranchial placodes
CN X (inferior)

Neuro - Week 2 (10 decks)

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