Diencephalon Flashcards
1
Q
What is the input for the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?
A
Mammillary bodies
2
Q
What is the output for the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?
A
Cingulate cortex
3
Q
What is the function for the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?
A
Consolidation of memories
Directing attention
4
Q
Lesions in this nucleus of the thalamus result in amnesia
A
Anterior nucleus
5
Q
This nucleus of the thalamus functions in consolidation of memories and directing attention
A
Anterior nucleus
6
Q
Lesion to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus results in this
A
Amnesia
7
Q
What is the input for the lateral dorsal nucleus of the thalamus?
A
Entorhinal cortex
8
Q
What is the output for the lateral dorsal nucleus of the thalamus?
A
Cingulate cortex and Parietal cortex
9
Q
What is the function for the lateral dorsal nucleus of the thalamus?
A
Motivation and attention
10
Q
What nucleus of the thalamus functions in motivation and attention?
A
Lateral dorsal
11
Q
What is the input for the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus?
A
Diffuse input from limbic system
12
Q
What is the function of the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus?
A
Inhibits inappropriate behavior, Mediates executive function
13
Q
Nucleus of the thalamus that functions in inhibition of inappropriate behavior, mediates executive function
A
Dorsomedial nucleus
14
Q
Lesions in this nucleus of the thalamus result in changes in personality
A
Dorsomedial
15
Q
Lesions to the dorsomedial nucleus cause this
A
Changes in personality
16
Q
This nucleus is lesioned in Korsakoff psychosis
A
Dorsomedial
17
Q
Condition that is caused by Vitamin B1/thiamine deficiency (often consequence to chronic alcoholism) and involves lesion to the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
A
Korsakoff psychosis
18
Q
Condition with symptoms of: Anterograde and retrograde amnesia, Confabulation, Apathy, and Residua from Wernicke encephalopathy (ataxia, lateral nystagmus)
A
Korsakoff psychosis
19
Q
In Korsakoff psychosis, lesions are localized to periventricular structures at the level of these
A
Third and fourth ventricles
20
Q
Lesions to these two regions in Korsakoff psychosis reflect neurotoxicity (excessive glutamatergic activity from loss of astrocyte reuptake)
A
Thalamus and inferior olivary nucleus
21
Q
Lesion to this structure in Korsakoff psychosis is related to endothelial swelling and tissue edema
A
Mammillary body
22
Q
What is the input to the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus?
A
Basal ganglia (VL/VM) and cerebellum (VL)
23
Q
Lesions to these two nuclei of the thalamus cause contralateral motor movement problems, including hemiataxia, tremor and dystonia
A
Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei
24
Q
This develops acutely after injury to the ventral anterior or ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus
A
Hemiataxia, usually with hemiparesis
25
This develops several weeks after injury to the ventral anterior or ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus
Intention tremor
26
This develops several months after injury to the ventral anterior or ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus
Dystonia
27
What results from lesions to the ventral anterior or ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus?
Contralateral motor movement problems
(Hemiataxia, intention tremor, dystonia)
28
What is the input for the lateral geniculate nucleus?
Optic tract (from retina)
29
Lesion to this nucleus of the thalamus causes contralateral visual defect
Lateral geniculate nucleus
30
What results from lesion to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus?
Contralateral visual defect
31
What is the input to the medial geniculate nucleus?
Inferior colliculus (from cochlea)
32
Lesion to this nucleus of the thalamus causes contralateral hearing loss
Medial geniculate loss
33
What results from lesion to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus?
Contralateral hearing loss
34
This is considered the association nucleus of the thalamus
Pulvinar nucleus
35
What is the input for the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus?
Superior colliculus
36
What is the output of the pulvinar nucleus?
Visual association cortex
Association cortices (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)
37
These two nuclei are part of the intralaminar nuclei
Centromedian and Parafascicular
38
Centromedian and Parafascicular nuclei are part of this nucleus
Intralaminar nuclei
39
Nucleus of the thalamus that receives cholinergic and dopaminergic input from brainstem (VTA)
Intralaminar nuclei
40
Nucleus of the thalamus that outputs to diffuse, nonspecific cortical areas and striatum (caudate and putamen)
Intralaminar nuclei
41
Nucleus of the thalamus with functions in arousal, awareness and vigilance, as well as prioritizing and selecting inputs to the basal ganglia
Intralaminar nuclei
42
All neurons of the thalamic reticular nuclei are this type
GABAergic
and send their inhibitory projections to the thalamus
43
This nucleus of the thalamus is considered the "gatekeeper of the gatekeeper"
Thalamic reticular nuclei
44
Nucleus of the thalamus that is the primary determinant of consciousness
Thalamic reticular nuclei
45
What is the input to the thalamic reticular nuclei?
Cortex
46
What is the output to the thalamic reticular nuclei?
Thalamus
(TRN can inhibit the area of thalamus from which the initial information came; this can block flow from thalamus to cortex)
47
Thalamogeniculate artery is a branch of this
PCA
48
Posterior choroidal artery is a branch of this
PCA
49
Thalamotuberal artery is a branch of this
Posterior communicating artery
50
Thalamoperforate artery is a branch of this
PCA
51
Artery that chiefly supplies the LGB, MGB, pulvinar, VPL, and VPM nuclei
Thalamogeniculate artery
52
Artery that chiefly supplies the DM nucleus
Posterior choroidal artery
53
Artery that supplies lateral and anterior regions of the thalamus
Thalamotuberal artery
54
Artery that chiefly supplies the anterior, VA, and VL nuclei
Thalamoperforate artery
55
Lesions to this nucleus of the thalamus can cause Dejerine-Roussy syndrome
Ventral posterior nuclei
56
This condition is caused by lesion to the ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus that is a rare neurological condition characterized by severe, chronic pain that develops after a stroke or other injury to the brain
Dejerine-Roussy syndrome
57
This sense is spared in lesions of parietal somatosensory cortex
Loss localizes a lesion to the thalamus
Vibratory
58
Loss of this sense localizes a lesion to the thalamus
Vibratory sense
59
Loss of vibratory sense localizes a lesion to this region
Thalamus
60
These two compounds are released from all thalamic nuclei except for reticular thalamic nucleus, which is GABAergic
Glutamate and aspartate
61
Glutamate and aspartate are released from all thalamic nuclei except for this nucleus, which is GABAergic
Reticular thalamic nucleus
62
Glutamate and aspartate are released from all thalamic nuclei except for reticular thalamic nucleus, which is this
GABAergic
63
Three major systems of the hypothalamus
Limbic, autonomic, endocrine
64
This divides the hypothalamus into lateral and medial areas
Fornix
65
Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus results in hyperthermia
Anterior hypothalamus
66
Part of the hypothalamus that functions in heat-loss mechanisms
Anterior hypothalamus
67
Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus results in hypothermia and poikilothermia
Posterior hypothalamus
68
Part of the hypothalamus that functions in heat gain mechanisms
Posterior hypothalamus
69
Do anterior or posterior areas of the hypothalamus activate sympathetic system (fight or flight)?
Posterior
70
Do anterior or posterior areas of the hypothalamus activate parasympathetic system (rest and digest)?
Anterior
71
Posterior areas of the hypothalamus activate this system
Sympathetic system (fight or flight)
72
Anterior areas of the hypothalamus activate this system
Parasympathetic system (rest and digest)
73
The descending autonomic fibers travel initially in this bundle
Medial forebrain bundle
74
Part of the hypothalamus that is the hunger center
Lateral hypothalamus
75
Part of the hypothalamus that is the satiety center
Ventromedial nucleus
76
Lesions to this part of the hypothalamus causes anorexia
Lateral hypothalamus
77
Lesions to this part of the hypothalamus causes obesity
Ventromedial nucleus
78
Lesions to this part of the hypothalamus causes decreased water intake
Anterior/lateral hypothalamus
79
Part of the hypothalamus that has osmocenters and functions as the thirst center
Anterior/lateral hypothalamus
80
Part of the hypothalamus that has GABAergic neurons in the ventral lateral preoptic area (VLPO)
Anterior hypothalamus
81
Lesions to this part of the hypothalamus causes insomnia
Anterior hypothalamus
(ventral lateral preoptic area)
82
Anterior hypothalamus has this type of neurons in the ventral lateral preoptic area (VLPO)
GABAergic
83
Anterior hypothalamus has GABAergic neurons in this area
Ventral lateral preoptic area (VLPO)
84
Lesions to this part of the hypothalamus causes hypersomnia
Posterior/lateral hypothalamus
85
What results from lesions to the lateral hypothalamus?
Anorexia
86
What results from lesions to the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Obesity
87
What results from lesions to the anterior/lateral hypothalamus?
Decreased water intake
88
What results from lesions to the anterior hypothalamus?
Insomnia and Hyperthermia
89
This part of the hypothalamus contains histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus that cause awakeness
Posterior/lateral hypothalamus
90
Posterior/lateral hypothalamus contains this type of neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus
Histaminergic
91
Posterior/lateral hypothalamus contains histaminergic neurons in this nucleus, that causes awakeness
Tuberomammillary nucleus
92
This part of the hypothalamus has orexin-containing neurons
Posterior/lateral hypothalamus
93
Lesions to this part of the hypothalamus causes narcolepsy
Posterior/lateral hypothalamus
(Orexin-containing neurons)
94
Tumor that cause unusual seizures consisting of laughing episodes (gelastic epilepsy), usually beginning in early childhood
Hypothalamic hamartoma
95
What is the blood supply to the hypothalamus?
Circle of Willis
96
Onuf's nucleus is located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus
Preoptic group of medial hypothalamus
97
Suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus
Anterior medial
98
Supraoptic nucleus is located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus
Anterior medial
99
Paraventricular nucleus is located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus
Anterior medial
100
VLPO nucleus is located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus
Anterior medial
101
Dorsomedial nucleus is located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus
Middle / Tuberal
of medial hypothalamus
102
Ventromedial nucleus is located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus
Middle / Tuberal
of medial hypothalamus
103
Histaminergic neurons of TMN are located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus
Posterolateral
104
Orexin containing neurons are located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus
Posterolateral
105
Hypothalamus nucleus that functions in the production of gonadotrophic releasing hormone
Is larger in males
Onuf's nucleus
106
Hypothalamus region that functions in temp regulation by heat-sensitive nerons
Anterior
(of medial zone)
107
Hypothalamus region that functions in activation of the parasympathetic system
Anterior
(of medial zone)
108
Hypothalamus nucleus that functions in diurnal rhythms, and is considered the "master clock"
Receives input from retina
Suprachiasmatic
(of anterior hypothalamus)
109
Hypothalamus nucleus that functions in the synthesis of ADH
Supraoptic
(of anterior hypothalamus)
110
Hypothalamus nucleus that functions in the synthesis of oxytocin
Paraventricular
(of anterior hypothalamus)
111
Hypothalamus nucleus that functions in the regulation of sleep
VLPO
(of anterior hypothalamus)
112
Hypothalamus nucleus that functions in placidity and tameness
Dorsomedial
113
Hypothalamus nucleus that functions as the satiety center
Ventromedial
114
Hypothalamus region that functions in temp regulation by cold sensitive neurons
Posterior
115
Hypothalamus region that functions in the activation of the sympathetic system
Posterior
116
Hypothalamus region that functions as the feeding/hunger center
Lateral
117
Hypothalamus region that functions in predation
Posterior
118
Hypothalamus region that functions as the thirst center
Anterolateral
119
Hypothalamus region that functions in arousal
Posterolateral
(has histaminergic neurons of TMN and orexin containing neurons)
120
What is the function of Onuf's nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Produces gonadotrophic releasing hormone
121
What is the function of suprachiasmtic nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Diurnal rhythms
"Master clock"
122
What is the function of supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Synthesizes ADH
123
What is the function of paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Synthesizes oxytocin
124
What is the function of VLPO nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Regulation of sleep
125
What is the function of Dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Placidity and tameness
126
What is the function of ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Satiety center
127
What is the function of posterolateral nuclear group of the hypothalamus?
Arousal
128
Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes hyperthermia
Anterior
129
Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes insomnia
VLPO (of anterior)
130
Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes expression of rage
Dorsomedial
131
Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes obesity
Ventromedial
132
Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes hypothermia and poikilothermia (in bilateral lesion)
Posterior
133
Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes anorexia
Lateral
134
Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes passive behavior
Posterior
135
Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes decreased water intake
Anterolateral
136
Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes hypersomnia
Posterolateral
137
Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes narcolepsy
Posterolateral
138
Thalamus is the target of all sensory information except for this, on its way to the cortex
Olfaction
139
Pair of thalami surrounds this
third ventricle
140
The anteriomedial parts (anterior nuclei) of the thalami relate to this foramen
Interventricular foramen of Monro
141
Lateral parts of the thalami relate to this
Posterior limbs of the internal capsule
142
This is the input to the VPM (ventral posterior median nuclei) of the thalamus
Anterior and posterior trigeminothalamic tracts
(carrying all modalities of sensation from the face)
143
This thalamic nucleus projects as the superior thalamic radiation
VPM (ventral posterior medial)
144
Lesion of this nucleus of the thalamus might cause numbness of contralateral face
VPM (ventral posterior median)
145
This nuclei of the thalamus projects through the posterior limb of the internal capsule, to the inferior part of the postcentral gyrus of the somatosensory cortex (areas 3, 1, 2)
VPM (ventral posterior medial)
146
The input to VPL (ventral posterior lateral) is from these 2 tracts
Posterior column - medial lemniscus and Spinothalamic tracts
(carrying all modalities of sensation from the upper and lower limbs and trunk)
147
This nuclei of the thalamus projects as the superior/central thalamic radiation
VPL (ventral posterior lateral)
148
Input for the upper limb and trunk project through the VPL nuclei of the thalamus, to this region of the brain
Superior part of postcentral gyrus (of somatosensory cortex)
149
Input for the lower limb project through the VPL nuclei of the thalamus, to this region of the brain
Posterior part of the paracentral lobule
150
Lesions in this thalamic nuclei can result in thalamic pain syndrome (Dejerine-Roussy syndrome)
Ventral posterior (VP)
151
In this syndrome, pain and temperature sensations are diminished initially but over time return and become highly abnormal.
Stimuli that would otherwise be considered as innocuous or even pleasant can be horribly painful.
Dejerine-Roussy syndrome (thalamic pain syndrome)
Caused by lesions in VP nuclei
152
This nucleus of the thalamus receives input from the optic tract and projects as the posterior thalamic (optic) radiation
LGB (lateral geniculate body)
153
LGB (lateral geniculate body) of the thalamus receives input from this
Optic tract
154
This nucleus of the thalamus projects as the posterior thalamic (optic) radiation
LGB (lateral geniculate body)
155
LGB (lateral geniculate body) of the thalamus projects as the posterior thalamic (optic) radiation, through this part of the internal capsule to the primary visual cortex
Retrolenticular part
156
Lesion of this thalamic nucleus would cause contralateral visual field defect (homonymous hemianopia)
LGB (lateral geniculate body)
157
MGB (medial geniculate body) of the thalamus projects through this part of the internal capsule to the primary auditory cortex
Sublenticular part
158
Lesion of this nucleus of the thalamus would cause difficulty in interpreting visual stimuli, without any visual field defect (blindness)
Pulvinar
159
The thalamogeniculate artery (branch of PCA) supplies these 5 nuclei of the thalamus
LGB and MGB (lateral/medial geniculate bodies)
Pulvinar
VPL and VPM (ventral posterior lateral/medial)
160
The VA and VL nuclei of the thalamus carry motor information and project through this part of the internal capsule, to the primary and premotor cortices
Posterior limb
161
Lesions of these nuclei might cause symptoms and signs typical of cerebellar (ataxia, intention tremor, etc.) or basal ganglia (resting tremor, chorea, etc.) lesions
VA and VL
162
This is a relay nucleus of the limbic system
anterior nucleus of the thalamus
163
The anterior nucleus of the thalamus projects through this part of the internal capsule to the cingulate gyrus (limbic cortex) and prefrontal cortex
Anterior limb
164
Lesions of this nucleus might cause thalamic neglect, amnesia, and other behavioral abnormalities characteristic of a prefrontal cortex lesion
Anterior nucleus of the thalamus
165
The thalamoperforate artery (branch of PCA) supplies these 3 nuclei
Anterior, VA, and VL nuclei
166
This thalamic nucleus is an association nucleus related to the limbic system
Dorsomedial (DM)
167
Lesion of this nucleus might also cause thalamic neglect, amnesia (e.g. Korsakoff’s psychosis), and other behavioral abnormalities characteristic of a prefrontal cortex lesion
Dorsomedial (DM)
168
The posterior choroidal artery (branch of PCA) supplies this nuclei
Dorsomedial (DM)
