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Neuro - Week 2 > Diencephalon > Flashcards

Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

What is the input for the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Mammillary bodies

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2
Q

What is the output for the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Cingulate cortex

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3
Q

What is the function for the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Consolidation of memories
Directing attention

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4
Q

Lesions in this nucleus of the thalamus result in amnesia

A

Anterior nucleus

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5
Q

This nucleus of the thalamus functions in consolidation of memories and directing attention

A

Anterior nucleus

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6
Q

Lesion to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus results in this

A

Amnesia

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7
Q

What is the input for the lateral dorsal nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Entorhinal cortex

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8
Q

What is the output for the lateral dorsal nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Cingulate cortex and Parietal cortex

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9
Q

What is the function for the lateral dorsal nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Motivation and attention

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10
Q

What nucleus of the thalamus functions in motivation and attention?

A

Lateral dorsal

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11
Q

What is the input for the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Diffuse input from limbic system

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12
Q

What is the function of the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Inhibits inappropriate behavior, Mediates executive function

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13
Q

Nucleus of the thalamus that functions in inhibition of inappropriate behavior, mediates executive function

A

Dorsomedial nucleus

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14
Q

Lesions in this nucleus of the thalamus result in changes in personality

A

Dorsomedial

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15
Q

Lesions to the dorsomedial nucleus cause this

A

Changes in personality

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16
Q

This nucleus is lesioned in Korsakoff psychosis

A

Dorsomedial

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17
Q

Condition that is caused by Vitamin B1/thiamine deficiency (often consequence to chronic alcoholism) and involves lesion to the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus

A

Korsakoff psychosis

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18
Q

Condition with symptoms of: Anterograde and retrograde amnesia, Confabulation, Apathy, and Residua from Wernicke encephalopathy (ataxia, lateral nystagmus)

A

Korsakoff psychosis

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19
Q

In Korsakoff psychosis, lesions are localized to periventricular structures at the level of these

A

Third and fourth ventricles

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20
Q

Lesions to these two regions in Korsakoff psychosis reflect neurotoxicity (excessive glutamatergic activity from loss of astrocyte reuptake)

A

Thalamus and inferior olivary nucleus

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21
Q

Lesion to this structure in Korsakoff psychosis is related to endothelial swelling and tissue edema

A

Mammillary body

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22
Q

What is the input to the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus?

A

Basal ganglia (VL/VM) and cerebellum (VL)

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23
Q

Lesions to these two nuclei of the thalamus cause contralateral motor movement problems, including hemiataxia, tremor and dystonia

A

Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei

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24
Q

This develops acutely after injury to the ventral anterior or ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus

A

Hemiataxia, usually with hemiparesis

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25
Q

This develops several weeks after injury to the ventral anterior or ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus

A

Intention tremor

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26
Q

This develops several months after injury to the ventral anterior or ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus

A

Dystonia

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27
Q

What results from lesions to the ventral anterior or ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus?

A

Contralateral motor movement problems
(Hemiataxia, intention tremor, dystonia)

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28
Q

What is the input for the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

Optic tract (from retina)

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29
Q

Lesion to this nucleus of the thalamus causes contralateral visual defect

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

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30
Q

What results from lesion to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Contralateral visual defect

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31
Q

What is the input to the medial geniculate nucleus?

A

Inferior colliculus (from cochlea)

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32
Q

Lesion to this nucleus of the thalamus causes contralateral hearing loss

A

Medial geniculate loss

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33
Q

What results from lesion to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Contralateral hearing loss

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34
Q

This is considered the association nucleus of the thalamus

A

Pulvinar nucleus

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35
Q

What is the input for the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Superior colliculus

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36
Q

What is the output of the pulvinar nucleus?

A

Visual association cortex
Association cortices (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)

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37
Q

These two nuclei are part of the intralaminar nuclei

A

Centromedian and Parafascicular

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38
Q

Centromedian and Parafascicular nuclei are part of this nucleus

A

Intralaminar nuclei

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39
Q

Nucleus of the thalamus that receives cholinergic and dopaminergic input from brainstem (VTA)

A

Intralaminar nuclei

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40
Q

Nucleus of the thalamus that outputs to diffuse, nonspecific cortical areas and striatum (caudate and putamen)

A

Intralaminar nuclei

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41
Q

Nucleus of the thalamus with functions in arousal, awareness and vigilance, as well as prioritizing and selecting inputs to the basal ganglia

A

Intralaminar nuclei

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42
Q

All neurons of the thalamic reticular nuclei are this type

A

GABAergic
and send their inhibitory projections to the thalamus

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43
Q

This nucleus of the thalamus is considered the “gatekeeper of the gatekeeper”

A

Thalamic reticular nuclei

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44
Q

Nucleus of the thalamus that is the primary determinant of consciousness

A

Thalamic reticular nuclei

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45
Q

What is the input to the thalamic reticular nuclei?

A

Cortex

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46
Q

What is the output to the thalamic reticular nuclei?

A

Thalamus
(TRN can inhibit the area of thalamus from which the initial information came; this can block flow from thalamus to cortex)

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47
Q

Thalamogeniculate artery is a branch of this

A

PCA

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48
Q

Posterior choroidal artery is a branch of this

A

PCA

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49
Q

Thalamotuberal artery is a branch of this

A

Posterior communicating artery

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50
Q

Thalamoperforate artery is a branch of this

A

PCA

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51
Q

Artery that chiefly supplies the LGB, MGB, pulvinar, VPL, and VPM nuclei

A

Thalamogeniculate artery

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52
Q

Artery that chiefly supplies the DM nucleus

A

Posterior choroidal artery

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53
Q

Artery that supplies lateral and anterior regions of the thalamus

A

Thalamotuberal artery

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54
Q

Artery that chiefly supplies the anterior, VA, and VL nuclei

A

Thalamoperforate artery

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55
Q

Lesions to this nucleus of the thalamus can cause Dejerine-Roussy syndrome

A

Ventral posterior nuclei

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56
Q

This condition is caused by lesion to the ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus that is a rare neurological condition characterized by severe, chronic pain that develops after a stroke or other injury to the brain

A

Dejerine-Roussy syndrome

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57
Q

This sense is spared in lesions of parietal somatosensory cortex
Loss localizes a lesion to the thalamus

A

Vibratory

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58
Q

Loss of this sense localizes a lesion to the thalamus

A

Vibratory sense

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59
Q

Loss of vibratory sense localizes a lesion to this region

A

Thalamus

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60
Q

These two compounds are released from all thalamic nuclei except for reticular thalamic nucleus, which is GABAergic

A

Glutamate and aspartate

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61
Q

Glutamate and aspartate are released from all thalamic nuclei except for this nucleus, which is GABAergic

A

Reticular thalamic nucleus

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62
Q

Glutamate and aspartate are released from all thalamic nuclei except for reticular thalamic nucleus, which is this

A

GABAergic

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63
Q

Three major systems of the hypothalamus

A

Limbic, autonomic, endocrine

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64
Q

This divides the hypothalamus into lateral and medial areas

A

Fornix

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65
Q

Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus results in hyperthermia

A

Anterior hypothalamus

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66
Q

Part of the hypothalamus that functions in heat-loss mechanisms

A

Anterior hypothalamus

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67
Q

Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus results in hypothermia and poikilothermia

A

Posterior hypothalamus

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68
Q

Part of the hypothalamus that functions in heat gain mechanisms

A

Posterior hypothalamus

69
Q

Do anterior or posterior areas of the hypothalamus activate sympathetic system (fight or flight)?

70
Q

Do anterior or posterior areas of the hypothalamus activate parasympathetic system (rest and digest)?

71
Q

Posterior areas of the hypothalamus activate this system

A

Sympathetic system (fight or flight)

72
Q

Anterior areas of the hypothalamus activate this system

A

Parasympathetic system (rest and digest)

73
Q

The descending autonomic fibers travel initially in this bundle

A

Medial forebrain bundle

74
Q

Part of the hypothalamus that is the hunger center

A

Lateral hypothalamus

75
Q

Part of the hypothalamus that is the satiety center

A

Ventromedial nucleus

76
Q

Lesions to this part of the hypothalamus causes anorexia

A

Lateral hypothalamus

77
Q

Lesions to this part of the hypothalamus causes obesity

A

Ventromedial nucleus

78
Q

Lesions to this part of the hypothalamus causes decreased water intake

A

Anterior/lateral hypothalamus

79
Q

Part of the hypothalamus that has osmocenters and functions as the thirst center

A

Anterior/lateral hypothalamus

80
Q

Part of the hypothalamus that has GABAergic neurons in the ventral lateral preoptic area (VLPO)

A

Anterior hypothalamus

81
Q

Lesions to this part of the hypothalamus causes insomnia

A

Anterior hypothalamus
(ventral lateral preoptic area)

82
Q

Anterior hypothalamus has this type of neurons in the ventral lateral preoptic area (VLPO)

83
Q

Anterior hypothalamus has GABAergic neurons in this area

A

Ventral lateral preoptic area (VLPO)

84
Q

Lesions to this part of the hypothalamus causes hypersomnia

A

Posterior/lateral hypothalamus

85
Q

What results from lesions to the lateral hypothalamus?

86
Q

What results from lesions to the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus?

87
Q

What results from lesions to the anterior/lateral hypothalamus?

A

Decreased water intake

88
Q

What results from lesions to the anterior hypothalamus?

A

Insomnia and Hyperthermia

89
Q

This part of the hypothalamus contains histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus that cause awakeness

A

Posterior/lateral hypothalamus

90
Q

Posterior/lateral hypothalamus contains this type of neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus

A

Histaminergic

91
Q

Posterior/lateral hypothalamus contains histaminergic neurons in this nucleus, that causes awakeness

A

Tuberomammillary nucleus

92
Q

This part of the hypothalamus has orexin-containing neurons

A

Posterior/lateral hypothalamus

93
Q

Lesions to this part of the hypothalamus causes narcolepsy

A

Posterior/lateral hypothalamus
(Orexin-containing neurons)

94
Q

Tumor that cause unusual seizures consisting of laughing episodes (gelastic epilepsy), usually beginning in early childhood

A

Hypothalamic hamartoma

95
Q

What is the blood supply to the hypothalamus?

A

Circle of Willis

96
Q

Onuf’s nucleus is located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus

A

Preoptic group of medial hypothalamus

97
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus

A

Anterior medial

98
Q

Supraoptic nucleus is located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus

A

Anterior medial

99
Q

Paraventricular nucleus is located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus

A

Anterior medial

100
Q

VLPO nucleus is located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus

A

Anterior medial

101
Q

Dorsomedial nucleus is located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus

A

Middle / Tuberal
of medial hypothalamus

102
Q

Ventromedial nucleus is located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus

A

Middle / Tuberal
of medial hypothalamus

103
Q

Histaminergic neurons of TMN are located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus

A

Posterolateral

104
Q

Orexin containing neurons are located in this nuclear group and region of the hypothalamus

A

Posterolateral

105
Q

Hypothalamus nucleus that functions in the production of gonadotrophic releasing hormone
Is larger in males

A

Onuf’s nucleus

106
Q

Hypothalamus region that functions in temp regulation by heat-sensitive nerons

A

Anterior
(of medial zone)

107
Q

Hypothalamus region that functions in activation of the parasympathetic system

A

Anterior
(of medial zone)

108
Q

Hypothalamus nucleus that functions in diurnal rhythms, and is considered the “master clock”
Receives input from retina

A

Suprachiasmatic
(of anterior hypothalamus)

109
Q

Hypothalamus nucleus that functions in the synthesis of ADH

A

Supraoptic
(of anterior hypothalamus)

110
Q

Hypothalamus nucleus that functions in the synthesis of oxytocin

A

Paraventricular
(of anterior hypothalamus)

111
Q

Hypothalamus nucleus that functions in the regulation of sleep

A

VLPO
(of anterior hypothalamus)

112
Q

Hypothalamus nucleus that functions in placidity and tameness

A

Dorsomedial

113
Q

Hypothalamus nucleus that functions as the satiety center

A

Ventromedial

114
Q

Hypothalamus region that functions in temp regulation by cold sensitive neurons

115
Q

Hypothalamus region that functions in the activation of the sympathetic system

116
Q

Hypothalamus region that functions as the feeding/hunger center

117
Q

Hypothalamus region that functions in predation

118
Q

Hypothalamus region that functions as the thirst center

A

Anterolateral

119
Q

Hypothalamus region that functions in arousal

A

Posterolateral
(has histaminergic neurons of TMN and orexin containing neurons)

120
Q

What is the function of Onuf’s nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Produces gonadotrophic releasing hormone

121
Q

What is the function of suprachiasmtic nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Diurnal rhythms
“Master clock”

122
Q

What is the function of supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Synthesizes ADH

123
Q

What is the function of paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Synthesizes oxytocin

124
Q

What is the function of VLPO nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulation of sleep

125
Q

What is the function of Dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Placidity and tameness

126
Q

What is the function of ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Satiety center

127
Q

What is the function of posterolateral nuclear group of the hypothalamus?

128
Q

Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes hyperthermia

129
Q

Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes insomnia

A

VLPO (of anterior)

130
Q

Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes expression of rage

A

Dorsomedial

131
Q

Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes obesity

A

Ventromedial

132
Q

Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes hypothermia and poikilothermia (in bilateral lesion)

133
Q

Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes anorexia

134
Q

Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes passive behavior

135
Q

Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes decreased water intake

A

Anterolateral

136
Q

Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes hypersomnia

A

Posterolateral

137
Q

Lesion to this part of the hypothalamus causes narcolepsy

A

Posterolateral

138
Q

Thalamus is the target of all sensory information except for this, on its way to the cortex

139
Q

Pair of thalami surrounds this

A

third ventricle

140
Q

The anteriomedial parts (anterior nuclei) of the thalami relate to this foramen

A

Interventricular foramen of Monro

141
Q

Lateral parts of the thalami relate to this

A

Posterior limbs of the internal capsule

142
Q

This is the input to the VPM (ventral posterior median nuclei) of the thalamus

A

Anterior and posterior trigeminothalamic tracts
(carrying all modalities of sensation from the face)

143
Q

This thalamic nucleus projects as the superior thalamic radiation

A

VPM (ventral posterior medial)

144
Q

Lesion of this nucleus of the thalamus might cause numbness of contralateral face

A

VPM (ventral posterior median)

145
Q

This nuclei of the thalamus projects through the posterior limb of the internal capsule, to the inferior part of the postcentral gyrus of the somatosensory cortex (areas 3, 1, 2)

A

VPM (ventral posterior medial)

146
Q

The input to VPL (ventral posterior lateral) is from these 2 tracts

A

Posterior column - medial lemniscus and Spinothalamic tracts
(carrying all modalities of sensation from the upper and lower limbs and trunk)

147
Q

This nuclei of the thalamus projects as the superior/central thalamic radiation

A

VPL (ventral posterior lateral)

148
Q

Input for the upper limb and trunk project through the VPL nuclei of the thalamus, to this region of the brain

A

Superior part of postcentral gyrus (of somatosensory cortex)

149
Q

Input for the lower limb project through the VPL nuclei of the thalamus, to this region of the brain

A

Posterior part of the paracentral lobule

150
Q

Lesions in this thalamic nuclei can result in thalamic pain syndrome (Dejerine-Roussy syndrome)

A

Ventral posterior (VP)

151
Q

In this syndrome, pain and temperature sensations are diminished initially but over time return and become highly abnormal.
Stimuli that would otherwise be considered as innocuous or even pleasant can be horribly painful.

A

Dejerine-Roussy syndrome (thalamic pain syndrome)
Caused by lesions in VP nuclei

152
Q

This nucleus of the thalamus receives input from the optic tract and projects as the posterior thalamic (optic) radiation

A

LGB (lateral geniculate body)

153
Q

LGB (lateral geniculate body) of the thalamus receives input from this

A

Optic tract

154
Q

This nucleus of the thalamus projects as the posterior thalamic (optic) radiation

A

LGB (lateral geniculate body)

155
Q

LGB (lateral geniculate body) of the thalamus projects as the posterior thalamic (optic) radiation, through this part of the internal capsule to the primary visual cortex

A

Retrolenticular part

156
Q

Lesion of this thalamic nucleus would cause contralateral visual field defect (homonymous hemianopia)

A

LGB (lateral geniculate body)

157
Q

MGB (medial geniculate body) of the thalamus projects through this part of the internal capsule to the primary auditory cortex

A

Sublenticular part

158
Q

Lesion of this nucleus of the thalamus would cause difficulty in interpreting visual stimuli, without any visual field defect (blindness)

159
Q

The thalamogeniculate artery (branch of PCA) supplies these 5 nuclei of the thalamus

A

LGB and MGB (lateral/medial geniculate bodies)
Pulvinar
VPL and VPM (ventral posterior lateral/medial)

160
Q

The VA and VL nuclei of the thalamus carry motor information and project through this part of the internal capsule, to the primary and premotor cortices

A

Posterior limb

161
Q

Lesions of these nuclei might cause symptoms and signs typical of cerebellar (ataxia, intention tremor, etc.) or basal ganglia (resting tremor, chorea, etc.) lesions

162
Q

This is a relay nucleus of the limbic system

A

anterior nucleus of the thalamus

163
Q

The anterior nucleus of the thalamus projects through this part of the internal capsule to the cingulate gyrus (limbic cortex) and prefrontal cortex

A

Anterior limb

164
Q

Lesions of this nucleus might cause thalamic neglect, amnesia, and other behavioral abnormalities characteristic of a prefrontal cortex lesion

A

Anterior nucleus of the thalamus

165
Q

The thalamoperforate artery (branch of PCA) supplies these 3 nuclei

A

Anterior, VA, and VL nuclei

166
Q

This thalamic nucleus is an association nucleus related to the limbic system

A

Dorsomedial (DM)

167
Q

Lesion of this nucleus might also cause thalamic neglect, amnesia (e.g. Korsakoff’s psychosis), and other behavioral abnormalities characteristic of a prefrontal cortex lesion

A

Dorsomedial (DM)

168
Q

The posterior choroidal artery (branch of PCA) supplies this nuclei

A

Dorsomedial (DM)

Neuro - Week 2 (10 decks)

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