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KES 306 > Neural Control of Voluntary Movement > Flashcards

Neural Control of Voluntary Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Every muscle fiber is innervated by ______

A

somatic motor neuron

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2
Q

Five levels of control of the Central Nervous System

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • cerebellum
  • brain stem
  • spinal cord
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3
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • highest level of control

- provides for the creation of voluntary movement as aggregated muscle action, but not as specific muscle activity

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4
Q

What does cerebral cortex interprets?

A

It interprets sensory stimuli from a body to a degree of needed responses

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5
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

-the next lower level from cerebral cortex

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6
Q

What does basal ganglia control?

A
  • maintenance of postures & equilibrium
  • learned movements such as driving a car
  • sensory integration for balance & rhythmic activities
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7
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • a major integrator of sensory impulses

- provides feedback relative to motion

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8
Q

What does cerebellum control?

A

timing and intensity of muscle activity to assist in the refinement of movements

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9
Q

Brain stem

A

-integrates all CNS activity through excitation and inhibition of desired neuromuscular functions

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10
Q

What does brain stem functions in?

A

Functions in arousal or maintaining a wakeful state

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11
Q

Spinal cord

A
  • common pathway between CNS and PNS

- has the most specific control

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12
Q

Spinal cord integrates _____ and ______

A
  • various simple & complex spinal reflexes

- cortical and basal ganglia activity with various classifications of spinal reflexes

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13
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is divided into ___ and ____.

A

sensory & motor division

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14
Q

What is the PNS sensory division?

A

Sensory or afferent nerves bring impulses from receptors in skin, joints, muscles, & other peripheral aspects of body to CNS

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15
Q

What is the PNS motor division?

A

Motor or efferent nerves carry impulses to outlying regions of body from the CNS

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16
Q

Efferent nerves are subdivided into ___ and ____.

A

voluntary (somatic nerves) & involuntary (visceral nerves)

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17
Q

What are somatic nerves?

A
  • voluntary

- under concious control & carry impulses to skeletal muscles

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18
Q

What are visceral nerves?

A
  • involuntary
  • referred to as the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
  • carry impulses to the heart, smooth muscles, and glands
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19
Q

PNS - 2 groups of nerves of primary importance

A
  • cranial nerves

- spinal nerves

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20
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

12 pair originating from undersurface of brain & exiting from the cranial cavity through skull openings

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21
Q

How are cranial nerves numbered?

A

numbered or the order in which they emerge from anterior to posterior

22
Q

How are cranial nerves named?

A

named in relation to their function or distribution

23
Q

Olfactory functions

A
  • smell

- identifying familiar odors

24
Q

Optic functions

A
  • sight or vision

- visual acuity

25
Q

oculomotor

A
  • levator of eyelid

- upward, downward, & medial gaze, reaction to light

26
Q

Trochlear

A
  • superior oblique muscle of eyeball

- downward and lateral gaze

27
Q

Trigerminal

A
  • touch, pain

- muscles of mastication/chewing

28
Q

Facial

A

taste, touch, pain, facial muscles

29
Q

Vestibulocochlear (acoustic nerve)

A
  • hearing, equilibrium/balance

- detecting presence of sounds, balance, & coordination

30
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A
  • touch, pain
  • taste
  • muscle of pharynx
  • gag reflex, swallowing
31
Q

Vagus

A
  • touch, pain
  • muscles of palate, pharynx, larynx
  • gag reflex, swallowing, speech
32
Q

Accessory

A
  • sternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscle

- shoulder shrugging, head movement

33
Q

hypoglossal

A
  • muscles of tongue

- tongue movements

34
Q

Spinal nerves

A
  • 31 pairs originate from the spinal cord

- pass through openings between vertebrae on each side

35
Q

From each of side of spinal column, there are _____

A
  • 8 cervical nerves
  • 12 thoracic nerves
  • 5 lumbar nerves
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal nerve
36
Q

What forms the cervical plexus?

A

Cervical nerves 1 through 4

37
Q

Cervical plexus is responsible for ___

A

generally responsible for sensation from upper part of shoulders to back of head and front of neck

38
Q

What forms the brachial plexus?

A

Cervical nerves 5-8 & thoracic nerve 1

39
Q

Cervical plexus supplies _____

A

Supplies motor innervation to several muscles of the neck

40
Q

Brachial plexus supplies _____

A

Supplies motor & sensory function to the upper extremity and most of the scapula

41
Q

What forms the lumbosacral plexus?

A

All lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves

42
Q

Lumbosacral plexus supplies _____

A

Supplies sensation & motor function to lower trunk, entire lower extremity & perineum

43
Q

What is the function of spinal nerves?

A

Sensory function of spinal nerves is to provide feedback to CNS regarding skin sensation

44
Q

Dermatome

A

defined area of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve

45
Q

Myotome

A

muscle or group of muscles supplied by specific spinal nerve

46
Q

What are neurons?

A

Basic functional units of nervous system responsible for generating & transmitting impulses

47
Q

What are dendrites?

A

one or more branching projections which transmit impulses to neuron and cell body

48
Q

What are axon?

A

an elongated projection that transmits impulses away from neuron cell bodies

49
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

transmit impulses to spinal cord & brain from all part of body

50
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

transmits impulses away from the brain & spinal cord to muscle & grandular tissue

51
Q

What are interneurons?

A

are central or connecting neurons that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons

KES 306 (15 decks)

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