Neubaur

Question 1

What states can cause hypoventilation? Hyperventilation ?

Answer 1

Hypo: narcotics, COPD, sleeping, anesthesia
Hyper: Metabolic acidosis (this would be a compensation)

Question 2

In what case would the Central chemoreceptors increase ventilators drive?

Answer 2

If the increase in H+ is of brain origin a.k.a. in the CSF

Question 3

What receptor is responsible for the hypoxic drive response?

Answer 3

Carotid body, which is a peripheral receptor (hypoxia isn’t detected by any central receptors).

Question 4

Pneumotaxic Center

Apneustic Center

Answer 4

P - located in the rostral 2/3 of the pons. Responsible for inhalation/exhalation. It will inhibit inhalation in order to begin exhalation.
A - In the caudal 2/3 of the pons. In the absence of vagal feedback, this will take over and you will have prolonged inspirations.

Question 5

DRG and VRG

Answer 5

Responsible for spontaneous rhythm generation. In the medulla.
DRG - contains only inspiratory neurons
VRG - contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons. ALso contains the botzinger complex, which is largely responsible for expiration. Also contains pre-botzinger complex, which is the respiratory pacemaker.

Question 6

PRG

Answer 6

Contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons and is responsible for rapid shallow breathing. Located in pneumotaxic center.

Question 7

How is ventilation regulated?

Answer 7

Generally it regulated by peripheral CO2 receptors so that as CO2 goes up, so does ventilation. However, if you have a disease where you always have high CO2, these receptors can be desensitized, and your breathing will not be altered. When this occurs, we rely on hypoxic triggers to drive ventilation (pO2 gets really low).

Question 8

What’s unique about COPD?

Answer 8

With COPD, and I assume many other chronic obstructive respiratory disorders, you have perpetually high CO2. because of this, chemoreceptors are desentisized to CO2 and they rely on a hypoxic drive to breath. If you give them supplemental O22, it will just make their CO2 rise even more.

Question 9

What are the 3 types of vagal mechanoreceptors?

Answer 9

Stretch receptors (slow adapting)
Irritant receptors (rapidly adapting)
J receptors (non-myelinated nerve endings)