Neu Quiz Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

Autonomic Nervous System Overview

Answer 1

CNS - PNS - sensory afferent division or motor efferent division - after motor somatic or autonomic - from autonomic sympathetic or parasympathetic
Efferent - from brain to body

Question 2

CNS and PNS

Answer 2

Central nervous system (CNS): Brain and spinal cord Integrative and control centers
Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Cranial nerves and spinal nerves + Communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body

Question 3

Somatic Nervous System:

Answer 3

Somatic motor (voluntary) and Conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles and is myelinated

Question 4

Autonomic Nervous System + Two Types:

Answer 4

Visceral motor (involuntary) and Conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth Visceral sensory fiber muscles, and glands; not myelinated

Two Types: sympathetic (Mobilizes body systems during activity, ganglion lie just outside spinal cord on both sides) and parasympathetic (Conserves energy Promotes housekeeping functions during rest) - both can innervate the same organ but typically have opposite effects in end organ

Question 5

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) In Depth:

Answer 5

ANS consists of motor neurons that Innervate: smooth muscle(gi tract), cardiac muscle, and glands(addrenal, pancreas, gallbladder)

Make adjustments to maintain internal homeostasis - balance (controls things like blood pressure, heart rate, body temp, digestion, metabolism, balance, electrolytes, and the production of fluids like urination, defecation, and sex

Operate via subconscious control - INVOLUNTARY

Question 6

Somatic(skeletal muscle) Versus Autonomic Nervous Systems:

Answer 6

Both have motor fibers

Differ in Effectors - what they innervate(target organ), Efferent pathways and ganglia (travel through different axons and cell bodies), and Target organ responses to neurotransmitters (not always excitatory)

Question 7

Role of the Parasympathetic Division + Effects of parasympathetic control + NT:

Answer 7

Promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy(rest and digest)

Effects of parasympathetic control: Heart rate and respiratory rates are low, Gastrointestinal tract activity high, Pupils constricted, Lenses accommodated for close vision, Constricts bronchioles

Ach - nicotinic and Muscarinic (exhibitory and inhibitory)

Question 8

Role of the Sympathetic Division + NT:

Answer 8

Mobilizes body during activity; “fight-or-flight” system
Exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment: Increased heart rate, Dilates bronchioles (lung airways), Increased BP, Dry mouth, Cold, sweaty skin, Dilated pupils(bigger more light enter) (pupil dilate get bigger scared), Liver releases glucose

Ach and norepinephrine
ACh at nicotinic receptors excitatory

Question 9

Neurotransmitters:

Answer 9

Acetylcholine (ACh): Cholinergic fibers release ACh – All ANS preganglionic axons and All parasympathetic postganglionic axons at effector synapse

Norepinephrine (NE) (Adrenaline): Adrenergic fibers release NE - Most sympathetic postganglionic axons at effector and Exception: sympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete ACh at sweat glands

Pre Gang - Para and Symp are both Ach
Post Gang - Para is Ach and Symp is N.E + E

Question 10

Cholinergic Receptors:

Answer 10

Receptors for Acetylcholine (ACh) are called cholinergic receptors
TWO TYPES: 1. Nicotinic(inotropic) 2. Muscarinic(metatropic)

Question 11

Cholinergic: Nicotinic Receptors (inotropic)

Answer 11

Found on Skeletal muscle cells at NMJ (NM type), All ganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic) (NN type)

Effect of ACh at nicotinic receptors is always stimulatory

Question 12

Cholinergic: Muscarinic Receptors

Answer 12

Part of the parasympathetic response and Found on All effector cells (most organs) stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers

Effect of ACh at muscarinic receptors - Can be either inhibitory or excitatory

Question 13

Adrenergic Receptors (metabotropic) (receptor for NE)

Answer 13

Receptors for Norepinephrine called Adrenergic Receptors – part of the sympathetic response
Found on all effector cells (all organs) stimulated by postganglionic adrenergic fibers (type of adrenergic receptors on each end organ differs)
Two major classes: Alpha and Beta

Question 14

Adrenergic Receptors - Alpha

Answer 14

Alpha (α) (subtypes α1, α2)
A1 – Blood vessels of skin, mucus membranes, abdominal organs (CONSTRICTS, increase BP)
A2 – adrenergic axon terminals (inhibit release of NE)

Effects of NE depend on which subclass of receptor predominates on target organ
Alpha 1 and Beta 1 – stimulatory (B1 cardiovascular issues)
Alpha 2, Beta, 2, Beta 3 - inhibitory (B2 asthma)

Question 15

Adrenergic Receptors - Beta

Answer 15

Beta (β) (subtypes β1, β2 , β3)
B1 – HEART, (Increase cardiac output, increase HR)
B2 – Bronchioles and visceral smooth muscle (dilation + G1 activity)
B3 – Fat tissue

Effects of NE depend on which subclass of receptor predominates on target organ
Alpha 1 and Beta 1 – stimulatory (B1 cardiovascular issues)
Alpha 2, Beta, 2, Beta 3 - inhibitory (B2 asthma)

Question 16

Control of ANS Function

Answer 16

Hypothalamus(fight flight feed reproduction) (part of CNS!) —main integrative center of ANS activity

Centers of hypothalamus control:
- Heart activity and blood pressure
- Body temperature, water balance, homeostasis, and endocrine(hormone) activity
- Reactions to fear and “fight-or-flight” system
- Stress Response

Cerebral input via limbic system on hypothalamic centers (cortical input/modifications of hypothalamic activity)

Question 17

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Hypothalamus

Basal Ganglia

Cerebellum

Medulla

Cingulate gyrus

Frontal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Occipital Lobe

Temporal Lobe

Answer 17

Amygdala: processing emotion and threat (“fear center”)

Hippocampus: binding items and events in memory and role in learning

Hypothalamus: fight flight feeding fornication

Basal Ganglia: regulating motor activity and starting/stopping action – includes a number of other functions, specifically reward

Cerebellum: needed for movement coordination and motor control (called little brain)

Medulla: Crucial for regulating breathing, heart rate, etc.

Cingulate gyrus: detecting “conflict” in decision making, regulates aggression, emotional response to pain

Frontal Lobe: primary motor cortex, reasoning, planning, speech, emotions, problem solving, decision making

Parietal Lobe: primary somatosensory cortex(touch mostly), orientation, recognition, attention

Occipital Lobe: visual processing

Temporal Lobe: hearing, smell, memory, and speech

Question 18

Spinal Cord

Answer 18

Sensory information travels from the periphery to the brain through the dorsal spinal cord (input)
dorsal horn - sensory
Information goes in through dorsal and out through ventral
Ventral horn - motor
Motor information travels from the brain to the periphery through the ventral spinal cord (output)

Question 19

Dendrites

Axons

Nerve Signal

Answer 19

Neuron Processes:
Make connections between neurons
Two types:
Dendrites – receive input
Branching
Contain neurotransmitter receptors
Axons – transmit signal – carry away from cell body
Secretory region
Release Neurotransmitters extracellular space
Either excite or inhibit the neuron it contacts

Nerve Signal:
Electrical event that travels in 1 direction
Outside signal → dendrites → cell body → axon → axon terminal → synapse → target cells

Question 20

Which tissue is not innervated by the autonomic nervous
system?
a. Sweat glands
b. Bones
c. Stomach
d. Heart
e. Bladder

Answer 20

b. Bones

Question 21

The postganglionic sympathetic neuron releases _______ onto
all target organs except _______.
a. acetylcholine; blood vessels
b. norepinephrine; piloerector muscles
c. acetylcholine; heart
d. norepinephrine; sweat glands

Answer 21

d. norepinephrine; sweat glands

Question 22

For each item, decide whether the sympathetic or parasympathetic
division of the ANS is at work and name the NT and type of receptor
being used.
* Increased food digestion
* Increased heart rate during exercise
* Opening up (dilation) of lung airways
* Pupil dilation when studying for final exam
* Increased urine output
* Respiratory rate slows down
* Blood vessels constrict (blood pressure rises)

Answer 22

Para
Symp
Symp
Symp
Para
Para
Symp

Question 23

You are soundly sleeping in your home, alone. You wake up to the
sound of someone walking around in your house. Which system is activated by the threat?
What do you expect to happen to your respiratory rate, heart rate
and eyes?
a) Heart rate increases, RR decreases and pupil constricts
b) HR decreases, RR decreases, pupil constricts
c) HR increases, RR increases, pupil dilates
d) HR decreases, RR increases, pupil dilates

Answer 23

c) HR increases, RR increases, pupil dilates

Question 24

Norepinephrine binds to ____________ receptors and is
_____________.
a. Nicotinic receptors; stimulatory only
b. Muscarinic receptors; stimulatory and inhibitory
c. Adrenergic receptors; stimulatory only
d. Adrenergic receptors; stimulatory and inhibitory
e. Muscarinic receptors; stimulatory only

Answer 24

d. Adrenergic receptors; stimulatory and inhibitory

Question 25

Which brain area primary controls ANS function?
a. Amygdala
b. Hypothalamus
c. Frontal Lobe
d. Cerebellum
e. Hippocampus

Answer 25

b. Hypothalamus

Question 26

TJ is a 4 y/o boy who has asthma. When he has an asthma attack, his
airways constrict tightly and he has to take the drug Albuterol to open
them. How do you think Albuterol works (Select all that apply):
a. Activates muscarinic receptors
b. Blocks acetylcholine at the effector organ
c. Activates adrenergic receptors
d. Increases breakdown of acetylcholine from pre-synaptic neurons
e. Activates nicotinic receptors

Answer 26

b. Blocks acetylcholine at the effector organ
c. Activates adrenergic receptors
d. Increases breakdown of acetylcholine from pre-synaptic neurons

Question 27

TJ is a 4 y/o boy who has asthma. When he has an asthma attack, his
airways constrict tightly and he has to take the drug Albuterol to open
them. Which of the following might be a side effect of this drug, given
that it stimulates adrenergic receptors?
a. Decreased blood pressure
b. Increased digestion
c. Decreased size of pupil
d. Increased heart rate

Answer 27

d. Increased heart rate

Question 28

A 35 y/o woman is being seen for frequent urge to urinate and an inability to
prevent urination. She is diagnosed with overactive bladder, and her doctor would
like to prescribe her a medication to treat the disorder. What medication would
work best (Select 2)?
a. A drug that activates nicotinic receptors on post-ganglionic neurons
b. A drug that activates adrenergic receptors on the bladder
c. A drug that inhibits muscarinic receptors on the bladder
d. A drug that inhibits adrenergic receptors on the bladder
e. A drug that activates muscarinic receptors on the bladder
f. A drug that inhibits nicotinic receptors on post-ganglionic neuron

Answer 28

b. A drug that activates adrenergic receptors on the bladder
c. A drug that inhibits muscarinic receptors on the bladder

Question 29

The physician decides on the anti-muscarinic drug, Detrol. This blocks
muscarinic receptors. Which of the following could be possible side
effects?
a. Gastric retention – stomach holds contents longer than normal
b. Decreased breathing rate
c. Decreased blood pressure
d. Constriction of airways

Answer 29

a. Gastric retention – stomach holds contents longer than normal