Final Questions

Question 1

Which cells of the olfactory system send action potentials through the olfactory tract to targets in the brain? Where are their cell bodies located?
a.Olfactory receptor neurons; glomeruli
b.Olfactory receptor neurons; olfactory epithelium
c.Basal cells; olfactory epithelium
d.Mitral cells; olfactory bulb
e.Mitral cells; glomeruli

Answer 1

d.Mitral cells; olfactory bulb

Question 2

A mouse strain you are working with lacks the G olfactory protein. How will lack of this protein affect the sense of smell in the mice?
a. Inhibits the opening of Na+ ion channels
b. Prevents binding of the odorant to the sensory receptor cell cilia
c. Prohibits starting of AP in mitral cells due to increased release of glutamate from
olfactory sensory cells
d. Results in constant opening of voltage gated Ca2+ channels
e. Prohibits the starting of AP in mitral cells due to lack of AP in sensory receptor
neurons
f. Inhibits the production of cAMP
g. Start more action potentials in neurons in the temporal lobe olfactory cortex
h. A and E and F
i. All of these

Answer 2

h. A and E and F

Question 3

A mouse strain you are working with lacks the G olfactory protein. What do
you predict to be the phenotype(symptoms) of this mouse strain when food,
new mice and new toys are placed in their cages out of sight?
a. The mice will find and approach all new items based on smell but will not
be able to see them
b. The mice may be able to find some of the new things but not all of them
c. The mice will not find or approach any of the new items
d. The mice will find and approach the new mice, food and toys in the cage
e. The mice will not react to the sounds of the new items in the cage

Answer 3

c. The mice will not find or approach any of the new items

Question 4

After a sweet tastant binds to its sweet receptor, what follows the activation of the G-protein?
a. Activation of adenylyl cyclase III
b. Activation of IP3 and increase of intracellular calcium
c. Direct opening of TRPM5 channel by activated G-protein
d. Opening of cAMP-gated cation channels
e. Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 4

b. Activation of IP3 and increase of intracellular calcium

Question 5

Projections from the pyriform cortex to other brain regions allow olfaction to influence which other behavior(s) and/or function(s)? (Select all that apply:)
a.Appetite
b.Memory
c. Vision
d.Fight or flight
e.Reproduction/attraction

Answer 5

a.Appetite
b.Memory
d.Fight or flight

Question 6

Which deficit would a lesion restricted to the left side of the spinal cord produce (below the level of injury)?
a. Pain and mechanosensory deficit on the left side of the body only
b. Pain and mechanosensory deficit on the right side of the body only
c. Pain deficit on the right side and mechanosensory deficit on the left
side of the body
d. Pain deficit on the left side and mechanosensory deficit on the right
side of the body

Answer 6

c. Pain deficit on the right side and mechanosensory deficit on the left
side of the body

Question 7

Following injury, descending modulation of pain signals occurs. What is the mechanism of signal inhibition?
a. Release of endogenous opioids onto second-order neurons, causing depolarization of these neurons
b. Release of excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate onto second-order neurons, causing hyperpolarization of these neurons
c. Release of endogenous opioids onto second-order neurons, causing hyperpolarization of these neurons
d. Release of peptides such as Substance P onto second-order neurons, causing depolarization of these neurons
e. Release of peptides such as Substance P onto second-order neurons, causing hyperpolarization of these neurons

Answer 7

c. Release of endogenous opioids onto second-order neurons, causing
hyperpolarization of these neurons

Question 8

Sarcomeres are made up of __________, including
_________ and _____________.
a.Myofibrils; sarcolemma and T-tubules
b.Fascicles; actin and myosin
c.Myofilaments; T-tubules and myofibrils
d.Myofilaments; actin and myosin

Answer 8

d.Myofilaments; actin and myosin

Question 9

Which of the following characteristics are similar between the somatic and autonomic motor systems?
a.The effector organs they innervate
b.The presence of a secondary neuron between the central motor
neuron and the effector organ
c. The motor neuron is in the central nervous system, has myelinated axons, and releases acetylcholine
d.They both control voluntary movement of the effector organ’s muscles
e.They both primarily innervate striated muscles

Answer 9

c. The motor neuron is in the central nervous system, has myelinated axons, and releases acetylcholine

Question 10

Select the areas that directly send descending input to the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord. (Select all that apply:)
a.Cerebellum
b.Hypothalamus
c.Brainstem
d.Basal ganglia
e.Primary motor cortex

Answer 10

b.Hypothalamus
e.Primary motor cortex

Question 11

SC complains of progressive weakness over the past week. The weakness started as eye drooping and after a few days progressed to
difficulty with swallowing, standing, and lifting heavier objects. Which of the following alterations in normal neuromuscular junction
physiology could explain this?
a. Increased opening of voltage gated calcium channels at the axon terminal
b. Increased number of action potentials arriving at the axon terminal
c. Presence of antibodies that bind to the ACh receptor site on the muscle cell
d. Decreased action of acetylcholinesterase

Answer 11

c. Presence of antibodies that bind to the ACh receptor site on the muscle cell

Question 12

You are studying a group of mice that have Huntington’s disease. This is a genetic
disease in which motor movement is greatly affected. This first phase of the disease
often involves chorea, or uncontrolled random movements. The mice you are
researching show random, fluid movements of the head, limbs and tail. Which of
the following would result in this type of movement (Select all that apply)?
a. Decreased release of glutamate from upper to lower motor neurons
b. Enhancement of the direct pathway through the basal ganglia
c. Decreased release of ACh from lower motor neuron to muscle
d. Enhancement of the indirect pathway through the basal ganglia
e. Increased release of dopamine from substantia nigra to striatum

Answer 12

b. Enhancement of the direct pathway through the basal ganglia

e. Increased release of dopamine from substantia nigra to striatum

Question 13

Which of the following cortices are organized somatotopically?
a. Auditory cortex
b. Visual cortex
c. Motor cortex
d. Olfactory cortex
e. Somatosensory cortex

Answer 13

a. Auditory cortex - tonotopic
b. Visual cortex - retnotopic

c. Motor cortex
e. Somatosensory cortex

Question 14

Norepinephrine binds to ____________ receptors and is
_____________.
a. Nicotinic receptors; stimulatory only
b. Muscarinic receptors; stimulatory and inhibitory
c. Adrenergic receptors; stimulatory only
d. Adrenergic receptors; stimulatory and inhibitory
e. Muscarinic receptors; stimulatory only

Answer 14

d. Adrenergic receptors; stimulatory and inhibitory

Question 15

Which brain area primary controls ANS function?
a. Amygdala
b. Hypothalamus
c. Frontal Lobe
d. Cerebellum
e. Hippocampus

Answer 15

b. Hypothalamus

Question 16

TJ is a 4 y/o boy who has asthma. When he has an asthma attack, his
airways constrict tightly and he has to take the drug Albuterol to open
them. How do you think Albuterol works (Select all that apply):
a. Activates muscarinic receptors
b. Blocks acetylcholine at the effector organ
c. Activates adrenergic receptors
d. Increases breakdown of acetylcholine from pre-synaptic neurons
e. Activates nicotinic receptors

Answer 16

b. Blocks acetylcholine at the effector organ
c. Activates adrenergic receptors

Question 17

TJ is a 4 y/o boy who has asthma. When he has an asthma attack, his
airways constrict tightly and he has to take the drug Albuterol to open
them. Which of the following might be a side effect of this drug, given
that it stimulates adrenergic receptors?
a. Decreased blood pressure
b. Increased digestion
c. Decreased size of pupil
d. Increased heart rate

Answer 17

d. Increased heart rate

Question 18

A 35 y/o woman is being seen for frequent urge to urinate and an inability to
prevent urination. She is diagnosed with overactive bladder, and her doctor would
like to prescribe her a medication to treat the disorder. What medication would
work best (Select 2)?
a. A drug that activates nicotinic receptors on post-ganglionic neurons
b. A drug that activates adrenergic receptors on the bladder
c. A drug that inhibits muscarinic receptors on the bladder
d. A drug that inhibits adrenergic receptors on the bladder
e. A drug that activates muscarinic receptors on the bladder
f. A drug that inhibits nicotinic receptors on post-ganglionic neurons

Answer 18

b. A drug that activates adrenergic receptors on the bladder
c. A drug that inhibits muscarinic receptors on the bladder

Question 19

The physician decides on the anti-muscarinic drug, Detrol. This blocks
muscarinic receptors. Which of the following could be possible side
effects?
a. Gastric retention – stomach holds contents longer than normal
b. Decreased breathing rate
c. Decreased blood pressure
d. Constriction of airways

Answer 19

a. Gastric retention – stomach holds contents longer than normal