Neu 6 - Brain Embryology

Question 1

What structure does the Prosencephalon evolve to?

Answer 1

Telencephalon and Diencephalon.

Question 2

What structure does the Mesencephalon evolve to?

Answer 2

Mesencephalon.

Question 3

What structure does the Hindbrain evolve to?

Answer 3

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon.

Question 4

During week four of development the Rostro on the neurotube dilates to become which structures?

Answer 4

1)Forebrain (Prosencephalon). 2)Midbrain (mesencephalon). 3)Hindbrain (rhombencephalon).

Question 5

Where are originated the neural tube and neural crest cells?

Answer 5

Neural plate.

Question 6

To what structure does the notochord develop to in the adult?

Answer 6

Notochord becomes nucleus pulposus of invertebral disc in adults.

Question 7

What structure does the Telencephalon evolve to?

Answer 7

Cerebral hemispheres.

Question 8

What structure does the Diencephalon evolve to?

Answer 8

Thalamus, hypothalamus and the optic nerves and tracts.

Question 9

What structure does the Mesencephalon evolve to?

Answer 9

Midbrain.

Question 10

What structure does the Metencephalon evolve to?

Answer 10

Cerebellum and pons.

Question 11

What structure does the Myelencephalon evolve to?

Answer 11

Medulla.

Question 12

What defects during embryology are characterized by a persistent connection between amniotic cavity and spinal canal?

Answer 12

Neural tube defects .

Question 13

At what week neuropores fail to fuse in the neural tube defects?

Answer 13

At 4th week.

Question 14

What the main risk factor in Neural tube defects?

Answer 14

Low folic acid levels intake before conception and during the pregnancy.

Question 15

How is the Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the neural tube defects?

Answer 15

High levels of AFP in amniotic fluid and maternal serum.

Question 16

What is the confirmatory test after AFP?

Answer 16

Acethylcholinesterase (AChE) in amniotic fluid should be high.

Question 17

What are the options about check the neural tube defects in uterus?

Answer 17

Sonogram (defect visually) and Quadruple screen.

Question 18

How will you expect found the quadruple screen in a pregnant woman whose baby has Down syndrome?

Answer 18

Low levels of AFP for Down syndrome.

Question 19

Which embryologic defects can increase the Alpha-fetoprotein levels?

Answer 19

Neural tube defect and Anterior abdominal wall defect.

Question 20

If you do the quadruple screen and there is increases of AFP but you cannot see any neural tube defect or any abdominal wall defect on ultrasound, what do you next?

Answer 20

Amniocentesis looking for AFP in the amniotic fluid to confirm the defect

Question 21

Which are the main types of neural tube defects?

Answer 21

Spinal bifida occulta, meningocele and myelomeningocele.

Question 22

What neural tube defect is characterized by Tuft of hair or skin dimple at level of bony defect?

Answer 22

Spina bifida occulta is a failure of bony spinal canal to close, but no structural herniation. Usually seen at lower vertebral levels. Dura is intact. Normal AFP.

Question 23

What is the neural tube defect characterized when the meninges herniate through bony defect?

Answer 23

Meningocele.

Question 24

What is the neural tube defect characterized when the meninges and neural tissue herniate through bony defect?

Answer 24

Myelomeningocele (Meningomyelocele).

Question 25

What is Anencephaly?

Answer 25

Malformation of anterior neural tube produces no forebrain, open calvarium.

Question 26

Which are the clinical findings of anencephaly?

Answer 26

High levels of AFP; polyhydramnios (no swallowing center in brain).

Question 27

What is holoprosencephaly?

Answer 27

Failure of left and right hemispheres to separate, usually occurs during weeks 5-6. May be related to mutations in sonic hedgehog signaling pathway.

Question 28

Which are the clinical findings in the moderate and severe form of holoprosencephaly?

Answer 28

Moderate form has a cleft lip/palate, most severe form results in cyclopia.

Question 29

Where we can see the holoprosencephaly?

Answer 29

1)Sonic hedgehog gene mutation. 2)Severe Fetal alcohol syndrome. 3)Patau syndrome (trisomy 13).

Question 30

Which are the risk factors of associated with anencephaly?

Answer 30

Associated with maternal type 1 diabetes; Maternal folate supplementation decreases the risk.

Question 31

What are the chiari malformations? And how many types exists?

Answer 31

Cerebellum herniated downward, through the foremen magnum, and there are 4 types.

Question 32

Which are the characteristics of the Chiari I malformation ?

Answer 32

It is the mildest form, only cerebellar tonsils herniate, and can lead to syringomyelia. FA: cerebellar tonsil are ectopia >3-5 mm; congenital, usually asymptomatic in childhood, manifests with headaches and cerebellar symptoms.

Question 33

What is syringomyelia?

Answer 33

It is the enlargement of the central canal of the spinal cord, crossing anterior spinal commissural fibers are typically damaged first.

Question 34

At what level of the spinal is most common the syringomyelia presences?

Answer 34

Most common at C8-T1.

Question 35

Which are the clinical finding in syringomyelia?

Answer 35

Cape-like, bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities however touch sensation is preserved.

Question 36

Which pathology is associated with Chiari Malformations, trauma and tumors?

Answer 36

Syringomyelia.

Question 37

Which are the characteristics of Chiari II malformation?

Answer 37

Herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis through the foremen magnum with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephalus. Also is associated with thoracolumbar myelomeningocele (DIT), lumbosacral myelomeningocele (FA).

Question 38

Enlargement of 4th ventricle (fills the enlarged posterior fossa). Cerebellar vermis fails to develop. Associated with hydrocephalus and spina bifida. All these characteristics belong to what syndrome?

Answer 38

Dandy-Walker syndrome.

Question 39

From which germ layer comes the arch, cleft and pouch of the branchial apparatus?

Answer 39

Arch (mesoderm), cleft (ectoderm) and pouch (endoderm).

Question 40

From which branchial cleft derives the external auditory meatus?

Answer 40

First cleft.

Question 41

From which branchial cleft derives the temporary cervical sinuses?

Answer 41

2nd, 3rd and 4th branchial cleft.

Question 42

From which branchial pouch derives the middle ear cavity, Eustachian tubes and mastoid air cells?

Answer 42

First pouch.

Question 43

From which branchial pouch derives the epithelial lining of tonsils?

Answer 43

Second.

Question 44

From which branchial pouch derivates the inferior parathyroid glands and thymus?

Answer 44

Third.

Question 45

From which branchial pouch derivates the superior parathyroid?

Answer 45

4th.

Question 46

Which branchial pouch are involved in DiGeorge syndrome?

Answer 46

Abnormal development of 3rd and 4th pouches, absent thymus, absent parathyroid glands, immunodeficiency and hypocalcemia.

Question 47

What syndrome has Thymic aplasia, T cells deficiency and Hypocalcemia?

Answer 47

DiGeorge Syndrome

Question 48

What cartilage are derived from the 1st Pharyngeal arch?

Answer 48

Meckel's cartilage, Mandible, Mandibular ligament, Malleus. | Treacher Collins Syndrome.

Question 49

What muscles are derived from the 1st Pharyngeal arch?

Answer 49

Muscles of Mastication: Masseter, Medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid and Temporalis. Mylohyoid, Tensor Tympani, Tensor veli palatini and Ant. 2/3 of Tongue.

Question 50

What nerves are derived from the 1st Pharyngeal arch?

Answer 50

Mandibular and Maxillary branches of Trigeminal.

Question 51

What cartilage are derived from the 2nd Pharyngeal arch?

Answer 51

[Second for S sounding] Stapes, Styloid process, Stylohyoid ligament, leSSer horn of the hyoid.

Question 52

What muscles are derived from the 2nd Pharyngeal arch?

Answer 52

[Second for S sounding] Muscle of facial expressions, Stapedius, Stylohyoid.

Question 53

What nerves are derived from the 2nd Pharyngeal arch?

Answer 53

[Second for S sounding] Cranial Nerve Seven.

Question 54

What cartilage are derived from the 3rd Pharyngeal arch?

Answer 54

PHARYNGOcutaneous fistula.

Question 55

What muscles are derived from the 3rd Pharyngeal arch?

Answer 55

styloPHARYNGEUS

Question 56

What nerves are derived from the 3rd Pharyngeal arch?

Answer 56

glossyPHARYNGEAL.

Question 57

What cartilage are derived from the 4th and 6th Pharyngeal arch?

Answer 57

THYROID cartilage and CRICOID cartilage.

Question 58

What muscles are derived from the 4th and 6th Pharyngeal arch?

Answer 58

Muscle of LARYNX except CRICOTHYROID.

Question 59

What nerves are derived from the 4th and 6th Pharyngeal arch?

Answer 59

LARYNGEAL branches of vagus, superior LARYNGEAL branch (swallowing) and Recurrent LARYNGEAL branch (speaking).

Question 60

Which arch of the bronchial apparatus is not development?

Answer 60

5th.

Question 61

What is the differences between Branchial cleft cyst (BCC) and Thyroglossal duct cyst (TDC)?

Answer 61

Location: BCC: Lateral neck and TDC: Midline. Swallowing: BCC: Doesn't move TDC: Moves

Question 62

What abnormalities are often found with a Chiari malformation?

Answer 62

Chiari I malformation: Syringomyelia. Chiari II malformation: Myelomeningocele, Hydrocephly.

Question 63

What are the classic presenting symptoms of a syringomyelia?

Answer 63

Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities. Severe syringomyelia affec the motor neurons develops weakness in the hand muscle.

Question 64

What amniotic fluid lab abnormality might point you to a diagnosis of anencephaly?

Answer 64

High levels of alpha- fetoprotein (AFP).

Question 65

From which branchial pouch are each of the following structures derived: 1)Middle ear and Eustachian tubes, 2) Superior parathyroids, 3) Inferior parathyroid 4)Epithelial lining of the palatine tonsil 5) Thymus

Answer 65

1)1st 2)4th 3)3rd 4)2nd 5)3rd.

Question 66

Name the structure in the adult nervous system that arise from the alar plate?

Answer 66

Sensory neurons.

Question 67

Name the structure in the adult nervous system that arise from the basal plate?

Answer 67

Motor neurons.

Question 68

Name the structure in the adult nervous system that arise from the telencephalon?

Answer 68

Cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles.

Question 69

Name the structure in the adult nervous system that arise from the Diencephalon?

Answer 69

Thalamus, optic nerves, and third ventricle.

Question 70

Name the structure in the adult nervous system that arise from the mesencephalon?

Answer 70

Midbrain and aqueduct.

Question 71

Name the structure in the adult nervous system that arise from the Metencephalon?

Answer 71

Pons, cerebellum, and superior fourth ventricle.

Question 72

Name the structure in the adult nervous system that arise from the Myelencephalon?

Answer 72

Medulla and inferior fourth ventricle.

Question 73

Name the structure in the adult nervous system that arise from the neural crest cells?

Answer 73

Peripheral sensory and autonomic nerves and sensory ganglia.

Question 74

What is the level of the conus medullaris in newborn and in adult?

Answer 74

L2 or L3 (newborn), L1(adult).