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DIT Neuro > Neu 1 - Organization Of The Brain > Flashcards

Neu 1 - Organization Of The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What tumor marker is used in Glioblastoma ?

A

GFAP (Glio Fibrillary Acid Protein) increased.

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2
Q

Which cell is phagocytic, activates in response to tissue damage, and also form multinucleated cells in CNS during HIV-Infected microglia?

A

Microglia

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3
Q

What is the function of the Astrocytes?

A

Physical support, repair, K+ metabolism, Reactive gliosis in response to neural injury.

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4
Q

What structure is affected in Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A

Schwann cells

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5
Q

What type of tumor is associated with internal acoustic meatus, and is it bilateral is associated with neurofibromatosis type 2?

A

Acoustic Neuroma, also is a type of schwannoma.

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6
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Each Schwann cell myelinated only one axon, also promote axonal regeneration.

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7
Q

Which part of the neuroglia is destroyed in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

A

Oligodendroglia.

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8
Q

What do Oligodendrocyte do?

A

Myelinated axons of neurons in CNS. Predominant type of glial cell in white matter.

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9
Q

Which cells have “Fried egg” appearance histologically injured in Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Oligodendrocyte.

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10
Q

What kind of conduction have Schwann cells?

A

High conduction velocity via saltatory conduction at the node of Ranvier, where there is a high concentration of Na+ channels.

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11
Q

Which is the neurotransmitter that is increased in anxiety and mania but decreased in depression?

A

Norepinephrine.

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12
Q

Where is the location of synthesis of the norepinephrine?

A

Locus ceruleus, reticular formation.

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13
Q

Neurotransmitter: increased in Hintington disease and decreased in Parkinson disease and depression.

A

Dopamine.

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14
Q

Where is the location for dopamine synthesis ?

A

Ventral tegmentum and substantial infra pars compacta (midbrain).

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15
Q

What I the level of serum serotonin in Anxiety and Depression?

A

There is decreased in both.

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16
Q

At the Raphe nuclei is the synthesis for which neurotransmitter?

A

Serotonin (5-HT).

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17
Q

What type of changes can you find in acetylcholine levels in the following diseases? A)Parkinson B)Alzheimer C)Huntington.

A

A)increased

B&C)Decreased

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18
Q

Which is the neurotransmitter that is synthesized in the Basal nucleus of Meynert?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh).

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19
Q

Which is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter and is synthesized in Nucleus accumbens?

A

GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid) also is decreased in anxiety and Huntington disease.

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20
Q

Which are the 3 structures formed the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?

A

1)Tight junction between nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells. 2)Basement membrane. 3)Astrocyte foot processes.

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21
Q

What is the function of the BBB?

A

Prevents circulating blood substance (e.g., bacteria, drugs) from reaching the CSF/CNS.

22
Q

Which is the effect in the BBB during a infarction and/or neoplasm?

A

Destroys endothelial cell tight junction and that produce Vasogenic edema.

23
Q

Which are the substance that cross slowly by carried-mediated transport mechanisms the BBB?

A

Glucose and amino acids

24
Q

Which are the substances that cross rapidly via diffusion the BBB?

A

Nonpolar/lipid-soluble substance.

25
Q

What diuretic is commonly given to decrease intracranial pressure?

A

Mannitol

26
Q

Which is the inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal cord ?

A

Glycine

27
Q

Which is the excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS?

A

Glutamate

28
Q

Which structures conformed the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?

A

Reticular formation, Locus ceruleus and Raphe nuclei.

29
Q

What does the Reticular activating system control?

A

Consciousness, wakefulness, attentiveness, at major RAS function major Attentiveness, at RAS lesion causes coma.

30
Q

What CNS cell originates from the Mesoderm?

A

Microglia.

31
Q

Which structures derived from Neuroectoderm?

A

Neurons, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes and neural crest cells (PNS neurons and Schwann cells).

32
Q

What are the 4 major dopaminergic pathways?

A

1)Mesocortical pathway. 2)Mesolimbic pathway. 3)Nigrostriatal pathway. 4)Tuberoinfundibular pathway.

33
Q

What is the result of blocking the Mesocortical pathway?

A

It is ventral tegmental of the midbrain to the cortex, the result of blocking increase negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

34
Q

What is the result of blocking the Mesolimbic pathway?

A

From the central tegmental of midbrain to lambic system, the result of blocking relieves positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

35
Q

What is the result of blocking the Nigrostriatal pathway?

A

From the substantia Nigra pars compacta to neostriatum, the result of blocking development Parkinson disease.

36
Q

what is the result of blocking the Tuberoinfundibular pathway?

A

From the arcade nucleus of hypothalamus to pituitary and the result of blocking increase release of prolactin from anterior pituitary.

37
Q

What disorder is thought to arise from reduced norepinephrine activity? And increased norepinephrine activity?

A

Decrease by depression and increase by anxiety and mania.

38
Q

What disease is associated with the degeneration of the basal nucleus of Meynert and less CNS acetylcholine?

A

That decrease acetylcholine formation and develop Alzheimer disease.

39
Q

What cell looks like fried egg under histologic staining?

A

Oligodendroglia.

40
Q

Form multinucleated giant cells in the CNS when infected with HIV?

A

Microglia.

41
Q

Myelinates multiple CNS axons

A

Oligodendroglia.

42
Q

Myelinates one PNS axon

A

Schwann cells.

43
Q

Damaged in Guillain-barré syndrome

A

Schwann cells.

44
Q

Damaged in multiple sclerosis

A

Oligodendroglia.

45
Q

Macrophages of the CNS

A

Microglia.

46
Q

Cells of the Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Astrocytes.

47
Q

In which neurological diseases is acetylcholine altered?

A

Decrease in Alzheimer and Huntington diseases and increase in Parkinson disease.

48
Q

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS? In which diseases are levels altered?

A

GABA and decrease in Huntington and anxiety.

49
Q

What are the components of the blood-brain barrier?

A

Capillary lumen, tight junction, Astrocyte foot processes and basement membrane.

50
Q

What kind of drug readily passes through the blood-brain barrier?

A

Lipophilic.

DIT Neuro (15 decks)

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