Netherlands Flashcards
What was the significance of Antwerp
At least 3/4 of all Englands overseas trade passed through it before being sold throughout the Low Countries
Why were Antwerp businessmen upset
By the new book of rates introduced by Mary Tudor
It increased duties on imports by 75%
What did Philips chief minister think Elizabeth was doing in the Netherlands
Saw Elizabeth sponsoring protestant rebels and believed that English traders were trying to spread Protestantism in the Netherlands with her backing
What happened to trade in 1563
Using an outbreak of the plague in London as an excuse, the import of all English cloth into the Netherlands was banned
How did Elizabeth retaliate
She retaliated and stopped all imports from the Netherlands
Trade between the countries ceased
Why did this end
The economic suffering caused to both sides led to the resumption of trade within twelve months
Why did Philip implement religious toleration for a bit prior to 1567
An outbreak of calvinist riots in towns in the Netherlands
Why did Philips policy change in 1567
Announced his determination to crush heresy throughout the Netherlands and sent a vast Spanish army under the Duke of alba
What happened to the Protestants after albas arrival
Led many Protestant refuges to seek exile in England, despite Elizabeth’s public condemnation of the rebels
What did this mean for Elizabeth’s relationship w Philip
Affected Elizabeth’s view of Philip II and his intentions towards England
What opportunities did english find to harass the Spanish
when in November 1568, a storm forced several Spanish vessels, carrying 400,000 florins which was intended to pay the army of the Duke of Alba, Philip’s general in the Netherlands, to seek shelter in English ports, Elizabeth impounded the money. (This led Alba to seize English ships and property in the Netherlands.)
What happened 1572-73 involving the sea beggars
Elizabeth allowed Dutch refugees and
English volunteers to join the Sea Beggars.
•She then sent an army of volunteers to hold Flushing for the Dutch to protect it from the French army in the Netherlands.
•Elizabeth expelled the Sea Beggars from English ports.
•They were forced to land in the Dutch port of Brielle and their occupation of the port, unchecked by the Spanish garrison there, sparked a full-scale revolt against the rule of Spain.
Between 1573 and 7& how did Elizabeth continue to aid the Dutch rebels
Unofficially
Sending money and volunteers and allowing English privateers to close the channel to Spanish ships
Was Elizabeth’s policy aiding the Dutch rebels successful
Some success
Indirect not to cause conflict with Spain but irritating enough to cause Spain to make concessions
The trade embargo between Spain and England was lifted
What was the Convention of Bristol
Signed by Spain and England
Settled the bullion dispute, banished English rebels from the Netherlands and allowed english merchants in the Netherlands to practice their protestant beliefs
