Netherlands Flashcards
What was the significance of Antwerp
At least 3/4 of all Englands overseas trade passed through it before being sold throughout the Low Countries
Why were Antwerp businessmen upset
By the new book of rates introduced by Mary Tudor
It increased duties on imports by 75%
What did Philips chief minister think Elizabeth was doing in the Netherlands
Saw Elizabeth sponsoring protestant rebels and believed that English traders were trying to spread Protestantism in the Netherlands with her backing
What happened to trade in 1563
Using an outbreak of the plague in London as an excuse, the import of all English cloth into the Netherlands was banned
How did Elizabeth retaliate
She retaliated and stopped all imports from the Netherlands
Trade between the countries ceased
Why did this end
The economic suffering caused to both sides led to the resumption of trade within twelve months
Why did Philip implement religious toleration for a bit prior to 1567
An outbreak of calvinist riots in towns in the Netherlands
Why did Philips policy change in 1567
Announced his determination to crush heresy throughout the Netherlands and sent a vast Spanish army under the Duke of alba
What happened to the Protestants after albas arrival
Led many Protestant refuges to seek exile in England, despite Elizabeth’s public condemnation of the rebels
What did this mean for Elizabeth’s relationship w Philip
Affected Elizabeth’s view of Philip II and his intentions towards England
What opportunities did english find to harass the Spanish
when in November 1568, a storm forced several Spanish vessels, carrying 400,000 florins which was intended to pay the army of the Duke of Alba, Philip’s general in the Netherlands, to seek shelter in English ports, Elizabeth impounded the money. (This led Alba to seize English ships and property in the Netherlands.)
What happened 1572-73 involving the sea beggars
Elizabeth allowed Dutch refugees and
English volunteers to join the Sea Beggars.
•She then sent an army of volunteers to hold Flushing for the Dutch to protect it from the French army in the Netherlands.
•Elizabeth expelled the Sea Beggars from English ports.
•They were forced to land in the Dutch port of Brielle and their occupation of the port, unchecked by the Spanish garrison there, sparked a full-scale revolt against the rule of Spain.
Between 1573 and 7& how did Elizabeth continue to aid the Dutch rebels
Unofficially
Sending money and volunteers and allowing English privateers to close the channel to Spanish ships
Was Elizabeth’s policy aiding the Dutch rebels successful
Some success
Indirect not to cause conflict with Spain but irritating enough to cause Spain to make concessions
The trade embargo between Spain and England was lifted
What was the Convention of Bristol
Signed by Spain and England
Settled the bullion dispute, banished English rebels from the Netherlands and allowed english merchants in the Netherlands to practice their protestant beliefs
What was the 1576 spanish fury
A mutiny of the Spanish army united all 17 Dutch provinces in open rebellion against Spanish rule
They called for the expulsion of all foreign troops and restoration of the provinces autonomy (situation favoured by Elizabeth)
Elizabeth loaned the Dutch 100,000 and agreed to send expeditionary force to Netherlands.she warned the french not to intervene
Why was this unsuccessful 77-78
The provinces quarrelled amongst the,selves
French were prepared to invade the Netherlands
This is not what elizabeth had hoped for
Divisions amongst the provinces got worse
Who was the Duke of Parma and what did he do
The new Spanish commander
Made considerable headway in the Netherlands
Southern Netherlands made peace with Parma
Why was Spanish power strengthened 1580
By the annexation of Portugal
Gav ephilip a navy close to matching Englands in size
How did Elizabeth change her position 1580
Adopted a more overtly anti Spanish position
Supported the Portuguese pretender, don antonio and treating the Spanish ambassador contemptuously
What did Philip do 1583-64
Ordered the construction of a large navy
Spanish re conquered more of the Netherlands
One two provinces remained protestant and protestant rebel leader was assassinated 1584
What treaty was signed 1585
Treaty of Nonsuch
Sent an army under Leicester to help the Dutch rebels
What happened 1586-90s
Harvest failures and a Dutch naval blockade cause famine in the Spanish army
The Dutch helped by the English win impressive victories over Spain the northern part of the Netherlands is secured under Dutch control while south remains under spains control
