23 - Religious Developments And The ‘ Golden Age’ Of Elizabethan Culture

Question 1

what did majority of the population think of religious changes

Answer 1

majority supported the royal supremacy
most accepted chnages made in their parishes
however is hard to know how ordinary felt about this, and the more rural the society, the more conservative they were likely to be.

Question 2

what type of people worked against the settlement

Answer 2

recusants - Catholics who paid fines rather than attend Anglican services.

puritans - a new group, opposed to all catholic practices which emerged in the 1560’s.

Question 3

what happened to the church from 1570?
WHy?

Answer 3

The Pope excommunicated Elizabeth
the church became more protestant
Those who failed to conform could be punished

Question 4

The Puritan faction continued to grow, who did it contain?

Answer 4

Presbyterians, whose ideas derived from Calvinism and who wanted to remove the bishops.

Separatists, who were dissatisfied with the pace of Protestant reform and wanted to go further.

Question 5

How did the catholic faction continue to grow?

Answer 5

It linked up movements on the continent for counter - reformation in the 1570’s and 80’s.

It supported the activities of English priests trained abroad and Jesuits who came to England to reconvert it.

Question 6

Who was Douai?

Question 7

what helped puritans reconcile themselves to the Elizabethan settlement in later years of Elizabeth’s reign?

Answer 7

Harsh penal laws against Catholics and the 1588 defeat of the Spanish Armada

Question 8

what was the state of religious opposition by Elizabeth’s death?

Answer 8

religion was no longer a serious political issue and the ‘godly’ puritans were accepted within the church.

Question 9

what were the views of anglicans?

what did they think of the settlement?

Answer 9

Accepted religious settlement

Question 10

what was the attitude of catholics to religion under elizabeth

Answer 10

tolerated until 1570
Increasingly persecuted after 1570 and practiced in secret

Question 11

How did puritanism arise?
what did puritans want?

Answer 11

Arose after the 1563 convocation of Canterbury failed to go further in it’s reform of the Church.

Wanted further reform to remove remaining ‘catholic’ practices

Question 12

what did Presbyterians want?

Answer 12

greater reliance on the scriptures for church authority, and an end to the office of bishop

Question 13

what did separatists want?

Answer 13

small, extreme sect
wanted to separate entirely from he established church

Question 14

What controversy involving puritans took place in 1566?

Answer 14

The Vestiarian controversy
Archbishop Parker issued his Advertisements making certain vestments compulsory.

This angered some puritans, particularly in London and some puritan ministers were deprived of their livings

Question 15

Who was John Whitgift?

What did he issue in 1583?

Answer 15

Archbishop of Canterbury

Three articles.

Question 16

what did Whitgifts articles demand? How did puritans react?

Answer 16

demanded the acceptance from the clergy of:
- royal supremacy
- the prayer book
- 39 articles

few puritan clergy were prepared to break with the church by refusing the three articles

Question 17

what articles were published in 1595?

Puritans reaction?

Answer 17

The Lambeth Articles
approved by Whitgift

reaffirmed the fundamentally Calvinist beliefs of the Church of England and proved acceptable to both Puritans and their opponents.

Question 18

what was Presbyterianism?
when did it develop?

what support did it get?

Answer 18

Puritan sub set that developed after the Vestiarian controversy.

Had some important supporters, but was generally a fringe movement in London, the south-east and parts of the midlands.

Question 19

significant support of presbyterianism?

Answer 19

Earl of Huntingdon and Earl of Leicester.

Question 20

who wrote the admonition to parliament?

what did it demand?

Answer 20

John Field and Thomas Wilcox
(London clergymen)
were imprisoned

demanded greater reliance on authority of the scriptures and church government by ministers and elders rather than bishops.

Question 21

Presbyterians reaction to three articles

Answer 21

some stood out against it

Question 22

what did some Presbyterians want for a new prayer book?

Who were they?

Answer 22

1584 and 1587
Peter Turner and Anthony Cope respectively, introduced bills in Parliament to replace the Book of common prayer with a new prayer book stripped of ‘popish’ elements.

neither bills were passed

Question 23

what happened to Presbyterianism by the late 1580’s?

Answer 23

declined as parliaments rejection of Cope’s proposed prayer book suggested further reform was unlikely.

Question 24

what was separatism and when did it emerge?

Answer 24

The most extreme form of puritanism.
Its adherents wanted to separate from the Church of England altogether and create independent church congregations, without the Queen as Supreme Governer.

The movement emerged in the 1580’s but only had small followings, for example in Norwich and London.

Question 25

what act brought arrests if separatists?

Answer 25

1593 Act against Seditious Sectaries

The leaders of the London movement were tried and executed for circulating ‘seditious books’.

Question 26

whilst initially Catholics were tolerated what did occur?

Answer 26

They had to pay recusancy fines if they failed to attend Anglican services.

All except one catholic bishops refused to conform to the 1559 Oath of supremacy

many catholic intellectuals went into exile, some priests survived as private chaplains to catholic nobles.

Question 27

what happened to papal bulls following Elizabeths excommunication?

Answer 27

the publication of papal bulls became treasonable

Question 28

what did catholic priests do 1575-85

Answer 28

Catholic priests trained abroad came to England and spread catholcism they operated in secret from the country houses of Catholic gentry and aristocracy some very trained at a new college in Dounai (spanish netherlands) from 1568.

Question 29

who led the Jesuit priests

Answer 29

Robert Parsons and Edmund Campion

Question 30

what happened to Edmund Campion

Answer 30

captured and executed in 1581

Question 31

what did the 1581 ‘Act to retain the queens majestys subjects in their due obedience’ do?

Answer 31

made non-allegiance to the queen or church of england treason.

Made saying mass punishable by a heavy fine and imprisonment

made the fine for non-attendance at church £20 a month

Question 32

were catholics successful in their opposition

Answer 32

limited
fifteen catholic priests executed in 1581-82 and a further act in 1585 made it treasonable for catholic priests to enter England.

Catholicism became more of a ‘country-house religion’ than the popular faith it had been in the 1560’s.

Question 33

courtiers that composed poetry themselves

Answer 33

Sir Philip Sidney
Sir Walter Raleigh

Question 34

what aspects of culture flourished under elizabeth

Answer 34

many of the arts celebrated the virgin queen
plays, paintings and literature became propaganda for elizabeth, who was sometimes known as ‘gloriana’.
increased educational opportnities led to the emergence of a literate audience, and Shakespeares plays appealed to all sections of society

Question 35

transformation of education under elizabeth

Answer 35

around 30 grammar schools established
increasing numbers of young noblemen attended oxford and cambridge, not necessarily to acquire a degree but to perfect their cultural education.

Question 36

how did drama develop

Answer 36

in London, public theatres such as the globe and the swan competed for plays by drmatists such as Shakespeare and Marlowe, who also had plays performed at court.

Question 37

how did portrait painting develop

Answer 37

remained important
mini portraits as well, the most distinctive feature of elizabethan painting
influential painters included hilliard and oliver

Question 38

how did architecture develop under elizabeth

Answer 38

country house- building
architects like Smythson became important

Question 39

how did music develop under elizabeth

Answer 39

instrumental music and song thrived
official bands in many towns
ballads and drinking songs popular
secular music flourished, especially at court
1601 ‘triumph of oriana’ honoured the queen
more intimate music with renaissance overtones

religious music was preserved by elizabeth in the face of protestant reform church music prdocued by Tallis and Byrd (Byrd also composed in secret for catholic patrons)

Question 40

how did poetry develop

Answer 40

prose literature less widely read (tho many puritans read foxes book of martyrs)

Sidney aimed to modernise english language, revived the sonnet

two most important writers were Sir Phillip Sidney and Edmund Spenser

Question 41

What was the vestiarian controversy

Answer 41

Several figures in church decided they could not obey the rules on clerical dress laid down in act of uniformity and royal injunctions (specified wearing of catholic dress)

Thomas Sampson was dismissed from his post by Liz for refusal to wear the vestments

Question 42

How did Archbishop Parker respond to the controversy

Answer 42

Him and five bishops issued advertisements in March 1566
Required clergy to follow oneuniformity of rights and manners
37 London clergymen refused to show support and were deprived of their posts

Question 43

What did the vestiarian controversy show

Answer 43

The extent of the queens determination to enforce the settlement