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17 - Elizabeth Character And Aims Flashcards

1
Q

How old was Elizabeth when she inherited the throne

A

25

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2
Q

Why can it be argued Elizabeth was in a privileged position when she inherited the throne

A

She was younger than Mary yet older than Edward was.
She had witnessed the reformation under Henry VIII as a child and the religious reformatiosnd under her siblings as a young adult so she had seen the dangers of court life,
She had learnt much from the problems and mistakes of her predecessors reigns

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3
Q

How educated was she (in comparison to siblings)

A

Considerably better educated than her siblings

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4
Q

How did she act as a result of witnessing her siblings and fathers reigns

A

Much shrewder when it came to politics.
She was a good judge of character and knew who to trust and who not to trust

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5
Q

How much involvement did Elizabeth want to have in details of government

A

Not as much as her grandfather Henry VII
But did take part in decision-making processes and wanted to preserve her prerogative rights of the crown, meaning she insisted on taking the most important decisions.

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6
Q

What were her short term aims upon ascending the throne

A

To consolidate her position
Settle religious issues ]pursue a peaceful settlement with the French

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7
Q

What threats did she face in her early days

A

Legitimacy of rule. She was the bastard child of Anne Boleyn and in the eyes of Catholics she had no right to rule.
Gender, she was a female who refused to marry.
Religious rebellions as religion was in a disastrous state and people didn’t trust the monarchy

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8
Q

What made her path to power easier

A

MArys councillors were willing to accept her succession so she didnt face any internal challenges from the Privy Council.

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9
Q

Who was William Cecil

A

Later Lord Burghley
Appointed Prinipal secretary
A skilled politics and made the right decisions for Elizabeth in the early days
Working political partnership that lasted 40 years

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10
Q

What pleased people about Elizabeth

A

She appeared accustomed with the monarchical customs

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11
Q

When was she coronated

A

Within two months of Mary’s death to ensure there were no threats to the crown
15th Jan 1559

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12
Q

Who’s confirmation greatly helped her?

A

Philip II of Spain recognised her - significant as a catholic, showing she a protestant queen had support of a catholic king.

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13
Q

Why was England in chaos religiously when she inherited the throne

A

The break with Rome, coupled with the reigns of Edward and Mary made England a divided country

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14
Q

Why was it a problem that England was such a divided country religiously

A

A divided country was a weak country and this would leave her open to the threat of invasion or assassination by English catholics.

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15
Q

What did the pope think of Elizabeth
How did Philip react to this

A

The pope publicly declared at the start of Elizabeth’s reign that she was to be excommunicated and he openly encouraged her assassination

Philip II discouraged this action despite being a catholic leader, but she couldn’t rely on him

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16
Q

What were the three key parts of the religious settlement of 1559

A

The act of supremacy

The act of uniformity

Royal injunctions

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17
Q

What was the act of supremacy

A

Restored the royal supremacy of the church, meaning if you defyed a monarch you were defying god

The queen was the ‘supreme governer’

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18
Q

Why did Elizabeth take the title ‘supreme governor’

A

Not ‘supreme head’ as Henry VIII had been. This was a confession to the catholics so that they would find the act easier to accept

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19
Q

How would the act of supremacy affect clergy and church officials

A

They would have to take an oath accepting supremacy and there were penalties for refusing to do so

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20
Q

What did the act of uniformity deal with

A

Doctrine issues

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21
Q

What did the ACt of uniformity try to do

A

Tried to find common ground between catholics and protestants so that believers would be unified

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22
Q

What did the act of uniformity specify the use of

A

The use of the Single book of Common Prayer which was largely based on the Protestant book Cramer introduced in 1552.

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23
Q

What was the Single Book of Common Prayer like?

A

Not as strong as Edwards book of common prayer and kept deliberately vague to avoid offending either Catholics or extreme protestants (puritans).
Variations in the Eucharist were possible in this book.

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24
Q

What else in the act of uniformity was a concession to Catholics?

A

Stated that the decoration of churches, the altar and the crucifix remained.

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25
What were the royal injunctions
Direct instructions and rules about the conduct of church services
26
Example of a royal injunction
All clergymen must wear clerical dress
27
How were the royal injunctions implemented
There were to be church visits to ensure these injunctions were being followed, but Elizabeth was careful not to impose harsh punishments for those that weren’t following them, so they would first be given a warning and a fine.
28
Why was Elizabeth careful about imposing harsh penalties for those that weren’t following the injunctions
She wanted loyalty above anything else and wanted to show she was tolerant to individuals personal beliefs as long as they showed loyalty to the queen.
29
What did Elizabeth state herself about tolerance
She dis not want to make “windows into men’s souls”
30
What did John Neale state regarding the success of the impact of the settlement
He argued that the success was mixed as the queen faced opposition from protestant clergymen over the Catholic concessions. She had to back down and accept a much more protestant prayer book and settlement than she wanted
31
What does Winthrop Hudson argue regarding the settlement
ARgued Elizabeth always wanted the settlement to be protestant, but she had to appear that she wanted it more catholic to perhaps keep support in the house of lord.
32
what parts of the settlement did the House of Lords and bishops accept/reject
Accepted royal supremacy but opposed the Act of Uniformity which was only passed in the House of Lords by three votes
33
Did the House of Lords have a catholic or protestant majority
Catholic majority
34
What was England’s relationship with France when Elizabeth inherited the throne?
England was in conflict with France.
35
What did Elizabeth want to do to englands relationship with France
Wanted to end the conflict because she has no money and wars are costly.
36
How had the previous war with france gone for england
The war with France had gone badly for England as they had lost Calais and had severely weakened the crowns finances.
37
Why was Elizabeth lucky regarding ending the war
Philip II of Spain and Henry II of Spain also wanted to end the war due to lack of finances
38
What treaty was agreed in April 1559?
A peach treaty; the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
39
What did teh Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis agree?
France would own Calais for eight years and if England kept peace during that time, England would have it back. If France failed to return Calais they would have to pay England 500,000 crowns
40
was the Treaty of Cateau-cambresis
It temporarily ended tension with France
41
How had the situation changed in France by 1562
There was conflict between Catholic and Protestants. France were facing the same internal conflict England had faced.
42
What did Robert Dudley encourage Elizabeth to do
Put military pressure on the french crown, it was in a relatively weak state and they wanted to ensure the return of Calais.
43
What did Elizabeth do instead of helping the french crown
She promised the french protestant (Hugenout) Prince of Conde, 6000 men and a loan of £30,000 with control of the port of La Havre as security.
44
What happened to the Hugenout army
It was defeated and Conde was captured.
45
Why happened to the french factions
Conde was captured and Duke of Guise (the catholic leader was assassinated) Wit both sides leaderless, they agreed peace and united against the English in La Havre.
46
What did england have to do as a result of teh French factions uniting
Had to agree unfavourable peace terms at the Treaty of Troyes in 1564.
47
Hwo did the Treaty of Troyes impact Elizabeth?
Weakened her prestige and resulted in the permanent loss of Calais. As a result she became far more cautious about supporting protestant causes in Europe.
48
Why was Scotland a problem for Elizabeth?
It had the ‘auld alliance’ This meant that if France wanted to invade they could do thsi through Scotland.
49
What was the problem with Henry II of France dying
He was succeeded by Francis II who was wife to Mary queen of Scot’s. Elizabeth's cousin and a Catholic; she had a legitimate Catholic claim to the throne. Some argued that she had more right to be Queen than Elizabeth, as some still believed Elizabeth was illegitimate.
50
What was the problem with Francis II
He came from the Guise family who saw Scotland as an instrument of French foreign policy, this created problems with french protestants who were led by John Knox. They asked for help from ENgkand
51
Why was Elizabeth reluctant to help Scottish protestants
She loathed John Knox who had written against the ‘monstrous regiment of women’.
52
What did Cecil want to do
Strongly supported intervention, he sympathised with the Scottish protestants. He knew england would be more secure without a french force in scotland and he wanted to remove mary queen of costs to weaken her claim and incorporate scotland into the British empire
53
How did Cecil play on Elizabeth’s insecurities
To persuade her to intervene. He spoke about about how Francis and Mary had used the royal coat of arms and threatened to resign if she did not intervene
54
What happened to intervention by the end of 1559
The navy was sent to stop reinforcements from the French reaching Scotland
55
Ultimately what came from teh conflict with france
The Scottish protestants interests were protected and Mary Stuarts political influence had been significantly reduced
56
Overall how was Elizabeth’s start to Queen
Despite her problems in foreign policy, she made an impressive start as queen She skilfully managed her accession and coronation She had achieved a religious settlement which had tried, with some success, to be quite comprehensive There were still unanswered questions about marriage and succession
57
Who raised her
Her mum executed Mainly raised by Katherine Parr
58
Significance of Thomas Seymour
Married to Katherine Parr Flirted w her and visited her in her bedchamber When Katherine died he spread rumours of marrying Elizabeth Eventually executed by Somerset Could explain her cautious relationship w men
59
Evidence showing acceptance of Mary’s councillors on her death
Nicholas Heath announced the next day 9councillors rode to see her within a couple of days
60
What day did Mary die and who told Elizabeth
17th November 1558 William Cecil
61
Who died the same day as Mary and what was the significance of this
Cardinal pole Gave Elizabeth flexibility in choosing advisors
62
What day was Elizabeth coronated
15th Jan 1559
63
What was her coronation like
Mainly treated w joy contrasted w Mary’s
64
Bad situations Elizabeth inherited
War w France and loss of Calais Series of bad harvests Flu epidemic Endless speculation over her marriage Bastard child
65
How did Philip reinforce his support for her
Sending his envoy to see Elizabeth prior month
66
Posibble marriage suitors
Phillip II of Spain Archduke Ferdinand and Charles Prince Eric of Sweden Earl of arandale Robert Dudley Sir William pickering

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