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M1 B2 - Histology > Nervous Tissue (L2, C9 & C11) > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue (L2, C9 & C11) Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomically the nervous system is divided into _________ and ______

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

The nervous tissue is made of 2 types of cells: _________ and __________

A

Neurons

Neuroglia

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3
Q

Which of the following cell types contributes to maintenance of the blood-brain barrier?

A/ astrocytes
B/ oligodendrocytes
C/ microglia
D/ ependymal cells

A

Astrocytes

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4
Q

Anterograde Axonal transport is performed by which protein?

A

Kinesin

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5
Q

Retrograde Axonal Transport is performed by which protein?

A

Dynein

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6
Q

Axonal transport is of 2 types: either __________ or __________

A

Anterograde or retrograde

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7
Q

What is the direction of anterograde transport?

A

Transport from the soma to the nerve terminals

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8
Q

What is the direction of retrograde transport?

A

From the nerve terminals to the soma

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9
Q

Give examples of materials transported by anterograde transport

A

Organelles and vesicles

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10
Q

Give examples of materials transported by retrograde transport

A

Protein subunits
Enzymes
Endocytosis (viruses and toxins)

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11
Q

Give examples of viruses that spread by retrograde transport

A

Herpes simplex and rabies

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12
Q

Give examples of toxins that spread by retrograde transport

A

Tetanus

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13
Q

Unmyelinated axons in the PNS are covered by

A

Neurolemmal sheath

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14
Q

Unmyelinated axons in the CNS are covered by

A

Nothing

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15
Q

Myelinated axons in the PNS are covered by an outer ____________ and an inner ____________ interrupted by ____________

A

Myelinated axons in the PNS are covered by an Outer neurolemmal sheath and an inner myelin sheath interrupted by nodes of ranvier

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16
Q

Neurolemmal sheath in the PNS is formed of which type of cells?

A

Schwann

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17
Q

Myelin sheath in the PNS is formed of which type of cells?

A

Schwann

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18
Q

Myelin sheath in the CNS is formed by which type of cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

Neurolemmal sheath in the CNS is formed by which type of cells?

A

Neurons in the CNS don’t have Neurolemmal sheath

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20
Q

Identify the cell:

Flattened nucleus
Small amount of cytoplasm
Found in the PNS around axons

A

Schwann cells

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21
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A
  • Thin layer of CT
  • Surrounding single nerve fiber
  • Reticular fibres secreted by Schwann cells
  • Contains fibroblasts, perivascular mast cells, macrophages and capillaries
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22
Q

What is the perineurium?

A
  • Surrounding a fascicle/bundle of nerve fibers
  • Inner layer of epitheloid cells joined by zonula occludens
  • Surrounded by basal lamina to isolate environment
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23
Q

What is the epineurium?

A
  • Surrounding entire nerve
  • Dense irregular collagenous CT with thick elastic fibres
  • Continuous with dura mater
  • Prevents overstretch of nerve
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24
Q

A collection of neuronal cell bodies surrounded by CT outside the CNS is called?

A

Ganglia

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25
Q

What are the 2 main types of ganglia?

A

Sensory

Autonomic/Motor

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26
Q

What are the 2 types of Sensory ganglia?

A 
Cranial 
Spinal (dorsal root)
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27
Q

What are the 2 types of autonomic ganglia?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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28
Q

Nerve cells in sensory ganglia are:

A/ Unipolar
B/ Pseudounipolar
C/ Bipolar
D/ Multipolar

A

Pseudounipolar

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29
Q

Nerve cells in autonomic ganglia are:

A/ Unipolar
B/ Pseudounipolar
C/ Bipolar
D/ Multipolar

A

Multipolar

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30
Q

Which of the following types of ganglia is covered by a complete capsule of satellite cells?

A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic

A

Sensory

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31
Q

Which of the following types of ganglia have myelinated nerve fibers?

A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic

A

Sensory

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32
Q

Which of the following types of ganglia has more nerve cells?

A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic

A

Sensory

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33
Q

Which of the following types of ganglia have nerve fibres that lie close together?

A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic

A

Autonomic

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34
Q

Which of the following types of ganglia have neurones with eccentric nuclei?

A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic

A

Autonomic

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35
Q

Which of the following types of ganglia is covered by an incomplete capsule of satellite cells?

A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic

A

Autonomic

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36
Q

Which of the following types of ganglia have synapses between the preganglionic fibres and postganglionic dendrites?

A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic

A

Autonomic

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37
Q

Which of the following types of ganglia don’t have synpases?

A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic

A

Sensory

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38
Q

Which of the following types of ganglia have neurones with large, central nuclei?

A/ Sensory
B/ Autonomic

A

Sensory

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39
Q

All glial cells originate from the neural plate except :

A

Microglia

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40
Q

In nervous tissue, which of the following is more abundant: neurons or neuroglia?

A

Neuroglia

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41
Q

All CNS neuroglia cells, except the microglia, originate from the:

A

Neural tube

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42
Q

All PNS neuroglia cells originate from:

A

Neural crests

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43
Q

The fibrous intercellular network of fine cellular processes emerging from neurons and glial cells is called

A

Neuropil

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44
Q

What is the most common type of neuroglia?

A

Astrocytes

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45
Q

A 45 year old man presents at the clinic suffering from pneumocytis pneumonia. This disease may affect cells that stain with anti glial fibrillary acid protein. Name these cells.

A

Astrocytes

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46
Q

A 45 year old man presents at the clinic suffering from pneumocytis pneumonia. This disease may affect cells that stain with anti glial fibrillary acid protein. These cells function in

A/ Forming synapses
B/ Presenting antigens
C/ Phagocytosis 
D/ Forming glial scars 
E/ Forming myelin sheathes in CNS
A

Forming glial scars

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47
Q

A 45 year old man presents at the clinic suffering from pneumocytis pneumonia. This disease may affect cells that stain with anti glial fibrillary acid protein. These cells function in

A/ Forming synapses
B/ Presenting antigens
C/ Phagocytosis 
D/ Forming myelin sheathes in CNS 
E/ Forming the blood brain barrier
A

Forming the blood brain barrier

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48
Q

Identify the cell

Has glial fibrillary acid protein
Present in gray matter
Has short branched processes

A

Proteoplasmic astrocytes

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49
Q

Identify the cell

Has glial fibrillary acid protein
Present in white matter
Has long unbranch processes

A

Fibrous astrocytes

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50
Q

The blood brain barrier is formed of

A
  • Tight junctions between Endothelial cells
  • Their basement membrane
  • Astrocyte processes
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51
Q

Gliosis is one of the functions of which nueroglial cell in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

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52
Q

Aggregates of carbohydrates and proteins that accumulate with age in the CNS are called

A

Corpora amylacea

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53
Q

Aggregates of carbohydrates and proteins that accumulate with age in the CNS are formed by

A

Astrocytes

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54
Q

Which neuroglial cells cover the synapses of neurons in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

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55
Q

What is a glioma?

A

Tumor of glial cells

56
Q

What is the most common type of glioma?

A

Astrocytoma

57
Q

A 35 year old man comes to the outpatient clinic complaining of severe headaches and blurred vision. Imaging to the brain reveal an abnormal mass in the parietal lobe of the cerebrum. The doctor suspects that this mass is a

A

Astrocytoma

58
Q

The blood brain barrier selectively controls the substances that pass from the blood to brain. Name the 4 areas of the brain not protected by the blood brain barrier.

A
  • Postrema
  • Posterior pituitary
  • Median eminence of hypothalamus
  • Pineal gland
59
Q

Oligodendrocytes are predominant in ________ matter

A

White

60
Q

Which of the following are the main electrical insulators of CNS?

A/ Microglia
B/ Oligodendrocytes
C/ Satellite cells
D/ Ependymal cells

A

Oligodendrocytes

61
Q

Which of the following are the main electrical insulators of PNS?

A/ Schwann cells
B/ Satellite cells
C/ Microglia
D/ Astrocytes

A

Schwann cells

62
Q

What is the origin of Microglia cells?

A

Monocytes

63
Q

What is the function of Microglia?

A

Phagocytosis

64
Q

Identify the cell:

  • Present in both white and gray matter
  • Elongated, small, dense nucleus
A

Microglia

65
Q

Which of the following are the antigen presenting cells of the nervous system ?

A/ Schwann cells
B/ Satellite cells
C/ Microglia
D/ Astrocytes

A

Microglia

66
Q

Identify the cells:

  • Columnar cells with apical cilia and microvilli
  • Lining the brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord
  • Lack a basal lamina
  • Bases extend processes into underlying neuropils
A

Ependymal cells

67
Q

Which of the following are the responsible for the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid?

A/ Schwann cells
B/ Satellite cells
C/ Microglia
D/ Ependymal cells

A

Ependymal cells

68
Q

A 3 year old child is brought to the outpatient clinic after suffering a seizure. Her medical history reveals she has long lasting weakness in the legs that make it difficult for her to walk normally. MRI images reveal a mass in the fourth ventricle of her brain. The doctor suspects that this is a

A

Ependymoma

69
Q

A 30 year old woman comes to the outpatient clinic complaining of nausea, vomiting, headaches and numbness in the right lower extremity. She claims these symptoms have been troubling her for months. An MRI scan is ordered. The images reveal a tumour in the central canal of the spinal cord. The doctor suspects that this is an

A

Ependymoma

70
Q

Identify the cells:

  • Small
  • Surround somas in ganglia
  • Insulate, nourish and regulate neurone soma
A

Satellite cells

71
Q

Processes that conduct nerve impulses towards the soma are called

A

Dendrites

72
Q

Processes that conduct nerve impulses away from the soma are called

A

Axons

73
Q

Name the largest neurones

A

Anterior motor neurons of the spinal cord

74
Q

Name the smallest neurons

A

Granule cells in cerebral cortex

75
Q

Identify the structure:

  • Basophilic irregular masses
  • Scattered in neuron soma
  • Flat rER cisternae with free ribosomes
A

Nissl body

76
Q

Which of the following are the most common type of neurons?

A/ Unipolar
B/ Pseudounipolar
C/ Bipolar
D/ Multipolar

A

Multipolar

77
Q

Which of the following are neurons that have one short process that bifurcated into 2 processes; an axon and a dendrite?

A/ Unipolar
B/ Pseudounipolar
C/ Bipolar
D/ Multipolar

A

Pseudounipolar

78
Q

Which of the following neurons are present in sensory systems (visual, auditory and olfactory)?

A/ Unipolar
B/ Pseudounipolar
C/ Bipolar
D/ Multipolar

A

Pseudounipolar

79
Q

Which of the following neurons have 2 processes ?

A/ Unipolar
B/ Pseudounipolar
C/ Bipolar
D/ Multipolar

A

Bipolar

80
Q

What is the tropic centre of a neuron?

A

Its soma

81
Q

The nucleus of a neuron soma is active. That means it’s

A/ Euchromatic with peripheral heterochromatin
B/ Heterochromatic with peripheral euchromatin

A

Euchromatic with peripheral heterochromatin

82
Q

Identify the cell:

  • Spherical or ovoid active nucleus
  • Scattered Nissl bodies
  • Long processes
  • One or more prominent nucleoli
  • Golgi body with vesicles near the nucleus
  • Lipofuscin accumulation
  • Abundant Mitochondria
  • sER
  • Lipid droplets
  • Peroxisomes
  • Melanin granules
A

Neurone

83
Q

What’s the function of the nucleolus?

A

Synthesis of rRNA

84
Q

What is the function of Nissl bodies?

A

Manufacturing protein for intracellular use and export

85
Q

What is the function of Golgi body in neurons?

A
  • Packaging and concentration of secretory products
  • Post translation modification of proteins and macromolecules
  • Production of lysosomes
  • Accumulation of lipofuscin with age
86
Q

What are the 3 components of neuronal cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules
Neurofilaments
Actin filaments

87
Q

Which of the following components of cytoskeleton function in neuronal transport?

A/ Neurofilaments
B/ Microtubules
C/ Actin filaments

A

Microtubules

88
Q

Which of the following components of cytoskeleton have high affinity for heavy metals?

A/ Neurofilaments
B/ Microtubules
C/ Actin filaments

A

Neurofilaments

89
Q

Which of the following components of cytoskeleton function in Axonal growth and regeneration?

A/ Neurofilaments
B/ Microtubules
C/ Actin filaments

A

Both Neurofilaments and Microtubules

90
Q

Functionally, what are the 2 types of synapses?

A

Excitatory

Inhibitory

91
Q

Which of the following changes is triggered by an excitatory neurotransmitter?

A/ depolarisation
B/ repolarisation
C/ hyperpolarisation

A

Depolarisation

92
Q

Which of the following changes is triggered by an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A/ depolarisation
B/ repolarisation
C/ hyperpolarisation

A

Hyperpolarisation

93
Q

The most common type of synapse is

A

Axodendritic synapse

94
Q

The least common type of synapses is

A

Axoaxonic

95
Q

Oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) are classified as

A/ neurotransmitters
B/ neurosecretory products
C/ enzymes

A

Neurosecretory products

96
Q

Structurally, synapses are classified into

A

Axodendritic
Axoaxonic
Axosomatic

97
Q

Give an example of an amino acid neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

98
Q

Acetylcholine, endorphin, epinephrine, norepinephrine and neuropeptides are examples of _____________ neurotransmitters

A

Catecholamine

99
Q

Name the 3 major components of a synapse

A

Presynaptic membrane
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic membrane

100
Q

Abundant secretory vesicles containing neurotransmitters are observed in the ___________ membrane

A

Presynaptic

101
Q

What happens when the action potential reaches the presynaptic membrane?

A

Secretory vesicles containing neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft

102
Q

What is the effect of neurotransmitters on the postsynaptic membrane?

A

Neurotransmitters change the conductance of the postsynaptic membrane

103
Q

Pre- and postsynaptic membrane specializations contain electron-dense material that extends into underlying cytoplasm and is usually thicker in

A

Postsynaptic membrane

104
Q

Which of the following drugs mimics the action of endorphin binding to its μ1-receptors?

A/ Alcohol
B/ Monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
C/ Morphine
D/ Sélective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

A

Morphine

105
Q

Which of the following drugs are antidepressants?

A/ Alcohol
B/ Monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
C/ Morphine
D/ Sélective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

A

B/ Monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAO)

D/ Sélective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

106
Q

Which of the following drugs inhibit the mitochondrial enzyme responsible for breaking down serotonin?

A/ Alcohol
B/ Monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
C/ Morphine
D/ Sélective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

A

Monoamino oxidase inhibitors

107
Q

Which of the following drugs increase the amount of serotonin in the synaptic cleft?

A/ Alcohol
B/ Monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
C/ Morphine
D/ Sélective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

108
Q

Which of the following drugs inhibits glutamate (NMDA) receptors?

A/ Alcohol
B/ Monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
C/ Morphine
D/ Sélective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

A

Alcohol

109
Q

Which of the following drugs increases the inhibitory effect of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)?

A/ Alcohol
B/ Monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
C/ Morphine
D/ Sélective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

A

Alcohol

110
Q

Which of the following drugs causes hyperpolarisation of the post-synaptic membrane?

A/ Alcohol
B/ Monoamino oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
C/ Morphine
D/ Sélective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

A

Alcohol

111
Q

Nerve regeneration occurs by a process called

A

Axon reaction

112
Q

Axon reaction is formed of 3 types of changes. Name them

A

Local
Anterograde
Retrograde

113
Q

Anterograde changes during regeneration occur ___________ to the site of injury.

A

Distal

114
Q

Retrograde changes during regeneration occur ___________ to the site of injury.

A

Proximal

115
Q

Nerve regeneration in the PNS is impossible if the 2 stumps are ________ from each other at the site of injury

A

Far away

116
Q

In the local reaction, what happens to prevent loss of axoplasm?

A

Fusion of axon membrane on each side of the cut

117
Q

Which cells are responsible for secreting cytokines and growth factors during nerve regeneration?

A

Macrophages and fibroblasts

118
Q

Which cells are responsible for phagocytosis of debris during nerve regeneration?

A

Macrophages and Schwann cells

119
Q

Which cells are responsible for up-regulating the receptors for cytokines and growth factors during nerve regeneration?

A

Macrophages and fibroblasts

120
Q

During anterograde reaction, what happens to the the axon terminals?

A

Phagocytosed by Schwann cells

121
Q

What happens during Wallerian/Orthograde degeneration?

A

1/ Axon is phagocytosed by macrophages and Schwann cells
2/ Schwann cells dedifferentiate
3/ Myelin production stops
4/ Schwann cells proliferate forming Schwann tube

122
Q

What are the events that occur during chromatolysis of neuron soma?

A

1/ Nucleus is displaces
2/ Nissl bodies disperse
3/ Perikaryon hypertrophy

123
Q

During nerve regeneration, the injured axon disintegrates as far as

A

Proximal collateral axon

124
Q

What is the function of the Schwann tube?

A

Guide the axon stumps towards the effector

125
Q

What are the 4 things necessary for the nerve regeneration?

A

Macrophages
Fibroblasts
Schwann cells
Basal lamina of endoneurium

126
Q

During nerve regeneration, a new synapse is formed by

A

The first axon stump to reach the target

127
Q

The final step of nerve regeneration is

A

Proliferation of Schwann cells to form neurolemmal and myelin sheathes

128
Q

Each nerve cell has _________ influence of other surrounding effectors and neurons

A

Trophic

129
Q

Can nerve regeneration occur if the Soma is injured

A

No

130
Q

Nerve regeneration doesn’t occur in the CNS. How does the CNS get rid of these cells

A

Phagocytosis by Microglia

131
Q

Injured cells in the CNS are replaced by

A

Glial (astrocyte) cells

132
Q

Neural stem cells are

A/ Unipotent
B/ Oligopotent
C/ Multipotent
D/ Totipotent

A

Multipotent

133
Q

If a neuron is damaged, its effector may continue to receive innervation from

A

Collateral innervation/ Neuronal circuits from other neurons

134
Q

What are neutrophins?

A

Neuronal Growth factors

135
Q

Which cells secrete neutrophins?

A

1/ Schwann cells
2/ Other glial cells
3/ Neuron
4/ Some target cells

M1 B2 - Histology (5 decks)

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