Connective Tissue (L3) Flashcards
Organised Connective Tissue
Blood
Cartilage
Bone
What are the cells of Non-specialised CT / CT proper
Mast cells
Fibroblasts
adipocytes
The function of Cartilage, bone, tendons, ligaments, and capsules of organs is _________
Providing structural support
The CT types that function as a medium for exchange of materials are __________
Blood, lymph, and CT proper
What is the function of Plasma and Mast cells?
Enter CT proper to function in immune response
Which CT cells store lipids?
Adipocytes
CT is formed of ________ and _________
Extra cellular matrix (ECM) and cells
CT cells can be classified according to their location into: ___________ and ____________
Transient cells and Fixed cells
Examples of Fixed CT cells
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Pericytes
Adipocytes
Free CT cells
Mast cells
Leucocytes
Plasma cells
What is the origin of transient cells?
Bone marrow
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is made of
Structural Fibrous Proteins
Ground substance
The ground substance of ECM is made of 3 types of compounds. Name them
- Non-branched polysaccharides (GAGs)
- Adhesive Glycoproteins
- Proteoglycans (Protein-polysaccharide complex)
Which of the following embed the fibrous proteins of the ECM?
- Non-branched polysaccharides (GAGs)
- Adhesive Glycoproteins
- Proteoglycans (Protein-polysaccharide complex)
Proteoglycans
Which of the following is/are example(s) of compound that embed fibrous proteins in ECM?
- Laminen and Fibronectin
- Chondroitin sulphate
- Decorin and Aggrecan
Decorin and Aggrecan
Which of the following attach the cells to the ECM?
- Laminen and Fibronectin
- Chondroitin sulphate
- Decorin and Aggrecan
Laminen and Fibronectin
Which of the following attach the cells to the ECM?
- Non-branched polysaccharides (GAGs)
- Adhesive Glycoproteins
- Proteoglycans (Protein-polysaccharide complex)
Adhesive glycoproteins
Where are reticular cells found?
- Stroma of lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen and thymus)
- Bone marrow
- Liver
What is the function of reticular cells?
Secretion of Reticular fibres (type III collagen)
Which cells secrete collagen in blood vessel walls?
smooth muscle cells
Structural fibrous proteins found in the ECM are generally of 2 types, either ____________ or _____________
Collagen or elastic
Elastic fibres can stretch up to _____% of their length
150
Which cells secrete elastic fibres?
Fibroblasts (and others)
Explain the structure of elastic fibres.
- Core of elastin
* surrounded by microfibrils of the glycoprotein fibrillin
Where can elastic fibres be found?
Tunica media of large arteries, lungs, elastic ligaments (nucha and flava) and elastic cartilage.
Patient comes to the ER by ambulance after suffering and an aortic aneurysm. Physical exams revealed that she is very tall with a wide arm span. Her medical history shows that she has frequent subluxation of the eye lens. The doctors suspect she suffers from which genetic condition?
Marfan syndrome
What are the causes of Marfan Syndrome?
Absence of fibrillin
Disturbance of elastin
State the location of loose areolar CT
Mucous membranes
Under epithelia
State the location of dense irregular CT
Skin Dermis
Submucosa of hollow viscera
Organ capsules
State the location of dense regular CT
Ligaments, tendons, aponeurosis and cornea of eye
State the location of adipose CT
Subcutaneous, breast, mesenteries, bone marrow and omentum
State the location of mesenchymal cells
Embryonic CT, perivascular and the ECM
State the location of Mucous Embryonic CT
Umbilical cord
Identify the cell:
Pale basophilic cytoplasm Pale nucleus Prominent nucleolus Irregularly shaped cell Displays mitotic figures
Mesenchymal cell
Mesenchymal cells are
A/ Unipotent
B/ Oligopotent
C/ Multipotent
D/ Totipotent
Multipotent
Which cells form the basal lamina endothelial cells of blood vessels?
Pericytes
Identify the cell:
Have long processes running along the longitudinal axis of capillaries
Pericytes
What are the functions of pericytes?
- Contraction to obliterate capillaries
2. Stem cells capable of differentiating into endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.
A patient presents to the outpatient clinic complaining of a lump on his arm. Biopsy revealed that it is a sarcoma. What cells is this tumor likely derived from?
Pericytes
What is the origin of adipocytes and fibroblasts?
Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
Where would you expect to find Fibroblasts?
Along the longitudinal axis of Collagen fibres
Identify the cell:
Elongated Fusiform Pale basophilic cytoplasm Prominent Golgi Abundant ribosomes and rER
Fibroblasts
Functions of fibroblasts
Production of collagen and elastic fibres
Healing wounds
Which cells form scars following injury or infection?
Fibroblasts
What is the Mechanism of fibrosis?
Proliferation of Fibroblasts
Activation macrophages and lymphocytes
Generation of novel myofibroblasts
What are the effects of fibrotic scarring?
Obliteration of tissue architecture Leading to tissue failure
Which organs are most likely to be affected by fibrotic scarring?
Lungs, heart and kidneys
Identify the cell:
Large Spherical Peripheral nucleus and cytoplasm Abundant sER Large droplet of lipid in the centre Sparse organelles
Unilocular Adipocyte
Identify the cell:
Small Spherical Central nucleus Abundant sER Several droplets of lipids filling the cytoplasm Sparse organelles
Multilocular Adipocyte
Which cell has signet ring appearance?
Unilocular Adipocyte
Which cells do macrophages (histocytes) originate from?
Monocytes
State the location of the following:
Kupffer cells Dust cells Microglia Osteoclasts Monocytes Langerhan cells
Kupffer cells - liver Dust cells - lungs Microglia - Brain Osteoclasts - Bone Monocytes - Blood Langerhan cells - Skin
Identify the cell:
Large Basophilic cytoplasm with many granules Small vacuoles Eccentric nucleus Developed Golgi Abundant rER and lysosomes
Macrophages
What’s the function of macrophages?
Phagocytosis
Presenting antigens to lymphocytes
What are epitheloid cells?
Macrophages that increased in size due to prolonged stimulation
What are foreign body giant cells?
Macrophages that have used together forming 1 large multinucleated cell
Name the CT cells derived from B lymphocyte
Plasma cell
Identify the cell:
- Large
- Ovoid
- Basophilic cytoplasm
- No secretory granules
- Juxtanuclear Halo / Negative Golgi Image around the nucleus
- Eccentric nucleus with heterochromatin radiating out from the centre giving it Clock face appearance
Plasma cell
Which cells produce monoclonal antibodies?
Plasma cells
What is the cause of multiple myeloma?
Bone marrow Tumor formed of plasma (myeloma) cells
Where would you expect to find plasma cells?
Around sites of chronic inflammation
What is the origin of mast cells?
Bone marrow
Where do you expect to find mast cells?
Subepithelial CT of digestive and respiratory systems
Identify the cell
Large
Ovoid
Central, round nucleus
Cytoplasm has many metachromatic granules
Mast cell
What’s the function of mast cells?
Release inflammatory mediators 1/ Histamine 2/ Anticoagulant Heparin 3/ Cytokines 4/ Chemotactic factors
Name the tissues on which Inflammatory mediators act.
Smooth muscle Vasculature CT Mucous glands Inflammatory cells
What’s the function of Histamine?
Dilation of small blood vessels to allow leakage of plasma
Pathway leading to release of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and platelet-activating factors
Urticaria is caused by which protein?
Histamine
What happens during Anaphylaxis?
- Mast cell receptors bind to IgE
- IgE binds to foreign pathogen
- Mast cell releases contents of its granules
Which cells secrete collagen in the PNS?
Schwann cells
