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M1 B2 - Histology > Muscular Tissue (L1 & C7) > Flashcards

Muscular Tissue (L1 & C7) Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 types of cells that can contract

A

Muscle cells/Fibers
Pericytes
Myoepithelial cells
Myofibroblasts

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2
Q

Name the muscular tissues that are striated

A

Cardiac

Skeletal

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3
Q

Name the muscular tissue that is not striated

A

Smooth

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4
Q

Name the muscular tissues that are voluntary

A

Skeletal

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5
Q

Name the muscular tissues that are involuntary

A

Smooth

Cardiac

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6
Q

State the function of myofibroblasts

A

Secrete Collagen and contract

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7
Q

State the structure and location of pericytes

A

Structure:
Smooth muscle-like

Location:
Surrounding blood vessels

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8
Q

State the location of myoepithelial cells

A

Around certain glands

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9
Q

State the other names for a muscle cell

A

Muscle fiber / Myofiber

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10
Q

State the other name for a muscle cell’s cytoplasm

A

Sarcoplasm

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11
Q

State the other name for smooth ER in a muscle cell

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

State the other name for the cell membrane of the muscle cell

A

Sarcolemma

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13
Q

What are the contents of the Sarcoplasm that allow the muscle to perform its function

A

Myofibrils
Myoglobin
Mitochondria
Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

State the structure of a skeletal muscle cell

A

Long thin cylinder

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15
Q

State the contents of cell inclusions in a skeletal muscle

A

Myoglobin and glycogen

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16
Q

State the structure and function of myoglobin

A

Structure:
Globular protein similar to haemoglobin
Contains iron atom

Function:
Store oxygen

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17
Q

Myofibrils are made of

A

Overlapping Myofilaments - Actin and myosin

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18
Q

What is the functional unit of a muscle

A

Sarcomere

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19
Q

State the structure of a sarcomere

A
  • The region between 2 successive Z lines
  • Bisected by the M line
  • Dark Central A Band with a pale area called H band
  • 1/2 Light Peripheral I Band on each side
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20
Q

What is the A band made of?

A

Overlapping Myosin (Thick) and actin (thin) myofilaments

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21
Q

What is the H band made of?

A

Myosin myofilaments only

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22
Q

What are the I bands made of?

A

Actin myofilaments only

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23
Q

Why is the A band called so?

A

It is Anisotropic

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24
Q

Why is the I band called so?

A

It is Isotropic

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25
Q

The arrangement of myofilaments in a sarcomere cross section is a central myosin molecule surrounded by actin molecules in a _____________ arrangement

1/ Pyramidal
2/ Diamond
3/ Pentagonal
4/ Hexagonal

A

Hexagonal

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26
Q

State the structure of Actin Molecules

A
  • Thin (5nm)
  • Made of F-protein
  • F-protein is made of G-proteins
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27
Q

State the 2 proteins closely associated with Actin with their function

A

Troponin (T,C,I) and Tropomyosin

Function:
Responds to Ca2+ concentration in the sarcoplasm to allow or prevent cross-bridge formation

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28
Q

State the structure of Myosin Molecules

A
  • Thick (15nm)
  • Polarized
  • 2 globular heads attached to a tail
  • Heads contain ATPase
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29
Q

What is the function of ATPase in Myosin

A

Enables binding of myosin to actin for the power stroke

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30
Q

State the structure of T-Tubules

A

Invaginations of the sarcolemma

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31
Q

State the structure of a Triad

A

1 T-Tubule with a terminal cisterna of sarcoplasmic reticulum on each sides

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32
Q

How many Triads are in each sarcomere?

A

2

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33
Q

What happens to the sarcomere when it contracts

A

Z lines move toward M line
H band disappears
Sarcomere shortens and in turn myofibrils

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34
Q

State the different muscle accessory proteins

A 
Titin
Nebulin
alpha-actinin
Tropomodulin
Dystrophin
35
Q

State the function of Titin

A
  • Large protein connecting M and Z lines to maintain sarcomere length.
  • It’s elastic contributing to passive elasticity of muscle
36
Q

State the function of Nebulin

A

Large protein spanning actin’s length to attach it to Z line

37
Q

State the function of alpha-actinin

A

Attaches actin, titin and nebulin to Z line

38
Q

State the function of Tropomodulin

A

Attaches to free end of actin to regulate its length

39
Q

State the function of Dystrophin

A

Attaches to sarcolemma and cytoskeleton to maintain sarcomere during contraction

40
Q

What is Myotonia and what are it’s causes?

A

Neuromuscular condition where muscle is slow to relax after voluntary contraction

Occurs due to exposure to cold

41
Q

What is Myotonia Congenita?

A

Genetic condition causing muscle stiffness due to prolonged contractions

42
Q

What is the structure that is nonfunctional in myotonic muscular dystrophy?

A

Voltage gated Cl- channels in the sarcolemma

43
Q

How is myotonia congenita diagnosed and treated?

A

Diagnosis:
Muscle Biopsy
Electrodiagnosis
Genetic Testing

Treatment:
No permanent cure
Physiotherapy and rehabilitation improve muscle action

44
Q

State the features of Red muscle fibers regarding

1/ Myoglobin and mitochondria content
2/ Blood supply
3/ Enzymes (ATPase and oxidative)
4/ ATP Generation Method 
5/ Contraction Speed 
6/ Fatigue
A

1/ Myoglobin and mitochondria content - High
2/ Blood supply - Extensive
3/ Enzymes
ATPase - Low
Oxidative - High
4/ ATP Generation Method - Oxidative phosphorylation
5/ Contraction Speed - Slow and repetitive
6/ Fatigue - Not easily fatigued

45
Q

State the features of white muscle fibres regarding

1/ Myoglobin and mitochondria content
2/ Blood supply
3/ Enzymes (ATPase and oxidative)
4/ ATP Generation Method 
5/ Contraction Speed 
6/ Fatigue
A 
1/ Myoglobin and mitochondria content - Low
2/ Blood supply - Low
3/ Enzymes 
        ATPase - High 
        Oxidative - Low 
4/ ATP Generation Method - Anaerobic Glycolysis
5/ Contraction Speed - Fast
6/ Fatigued - Easily
46
Q

State the features of Intermediate muscle fibers regarding

1/ Myoglobin and mitochondria content
2/ Blood supply
3/ Enzymes (ATPase and oxidative)
4/ ATP Generation Method 
5/ Contraction Speed 
6/ Fatigue
A

1/ Myoglobin and mitochondria content - Intermediate
2/ Blood supply - Intermediate
3/ Enzymes (ATPase and oxidative) - Intermediate
4/ ATP Generation Method - Both
5/ Contraction Speed - Fast
6/ Fatigue - Not easily

47
Q

True or false

All skeletal muscles contain all types of muscle Fibers

A

True

48
Q

Marathon runners have predominance of __________ muscle fibers

A

Intermediate (Type IIA)

49
Q

Red muscle fibers are also called

A

Type I

50
Q

Intermediate muscle fibers are also called

A

Type IIA

51
Q

White muscle fibers are also called

A

Type IIB

52
Q

Weight lifters have predominance of ___________ muscle fibers

A

White (Type IIB)

53
Q

Muscle composition is changed by

A

Training

54
Q

Vessels and nerves enter muscles by

A

Neurovascular bundle

55
Q

Which of the following is absent in the endomysium?

1/ Capillaries
2/ Nerve Endings
3/ Lymphatics

A

Lymphatics

56
Q

Lymphatics are present in all connective tissue components of the muscle except

A

Endomysium

57
Q

Presence of skeletal muscle inclusions in electronmicropgraphs is a feature of

A

Nemaline Rod myopathy

58
Q

A symptom of Nemaline Rod myopathy is

A

Mild to severe muscle weakness

59
Q

Nemaline Rod myopathy is caused by

A

Mutations of genes coding proteins of thin myofilaments

60
Q

Patients with Nemaline Rod myopathy have predominance of Type ______ fibers

A

Type I (Red)

61
Q

A common site of injury in muscles

A

Muscle-Tendon Junction

62
Q

State the structure of Muscle-Tendon Junctions

A

Extensions of myofibrils with projections of adjacent tendon

63
Q

Single unaccustomed muscle exercise causes

A

Delayed onset muscle soreness

64
Q

What are the symptoms of delayed muscle onset soreness?

A

Stiffness, pain and soreness

65
Q

Where does delayed muscle onset soreness begin

A

Muscle-Tendon Junction

66
Q

What are the causes of the symptoms of delayed muscle onset soreness

A
  • Sarcolemmal Tear
  • Cytoskeleton disarray
  • Myofilament disruption
  • Z Band streaming
  • Acute Inflammation of endomysium causing stimulation of pain receptors (nocireceptors)
67
Q

State the function Myo-satellite cells

A
  • Reserving Stem cells
  • Resting myoblasts
  • Repair and regeneration of muscles
68
Q

Myo-satellite cells are predominant in which type of muscles?

A

Slow twitch

69
Q

Dense CT surrounding the entire muscle is called?

A

Epimysium

70
Q

Septa that extend from the Epimysium to divide a muscle into fascicles is called?

A

Perimysium

71
Q

Loose CT surrounding a single muscle fiber is called?

A

Endomysium

72
Q

Muscle fibers and satellite cells are surrounded by

A

Basal Lamina

73
Q

The external lamina of a muscle is made of

A

Reticular fibres and glycoproteins

74
Q

Capillaries supplying muscles run along which axis of the muscle?

A

Longitudinal

75
Q

What is the cause of Duchenne muscle dystrophy?

A

Mutation in gene on short arm of X chromosome.

This gene codes for the protein dystrophin

76
Q

What are the symptoms of Duchenne muscle dystrophy?

A

Progressive wasting and weakness of muscles

Progressive Heart weakness

77
Q

Duchenne muscle dystrophy is more common in which gender?

A

Males

78
Q

The functional unit of a muscle is

A

Sarcomere

79
Q

Muscle fibers have pleomorphic ____________

A

Mitochondria

80
Q

The site of excitation-contraction coupling in a sarcomere is

A

Triad

81
Q

State the location of T tubules

A

Junctions of A and I bands

82
Q

State the function of T-tubules

A

Conduct electrical impulse from the sarcolemma to deeper part of the muscle fiber

83
Q

State the location of Triads

A

Junction of A-I band

84
Q

State the function of Triads

A

Regulate Ca2+ concentration in sarcoplasm by releasing or sequestering it

M1 B2 - Histology (5 decks)

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