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ANAT241- Module 2 > Nervous tissue and the neuromuscular junction > Flashcards

Nervous tissue and the neuromuscular junction Flashcards

1
Q

what does the afferent division of the CNS do?

A

provide input to the CNS from the periphery

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2
Q

what is the PNS?

A

the peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

what is the efferent division of the CNS do?

A

output from CNA to periphery

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4
Q

what is the CNS?

A

central nervous system

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5
Q

what are the divisions of the CNS?

A

the afferent division
the efferent division

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6
Q

what are the two components of the efferent division?

A

the somatic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

what are the two inputs into the afferent division?

A

sensory stimuli
Visceral stimuli

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8
Q

what are the features of an neuon?

A

dendrites
Cell body
Axon hillock
Axon
Collateral
Axon terminals

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9
Q

how long is an axon?

A

may be 1mm to more than 1m long

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10
Q

what are multipolar neurons?

A

multiple dendrites project from the cell body

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11
Q

what are bipolar neurons?

A

single dendrite opposite from axon

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12
Q

what are pseudo-unipolar neurones”

A

Axon and dendrite rise from a common stem of the cell body

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13
Q

what is the nucleus of a neuron?

A

Large nucleus, often large, reflecting metabolic demand

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14
Q

does the neuron have lots of mitochondria?

A

yes

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15
Q

where is ER found in the neuron?

A

Lots of ER, particularly in large neurons. They can be found in dendrites but not in axons

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16
Q

what make up the cytoskeleton of a neuron?

A

Numerous neurofilaments. Together with microtubules make up the cytoskeleton.

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17
Q

what structures do neurons contain?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Golgi apparatus

Synapse

Terminal bouton of adjacent neuron

Plasma membrane

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18
Q

what are the divisions of the central nervous system?

A

Macroscopically divided into grey matter and white matter

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19
Q

what is white matter?

A

The white matter in the cerebrum can be delineated with a dye with an affinity for myelin.

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20
Q

what is grey matter?

A

The outer cortex (C- gray matter) is composed of nerve cells and does not contain myelin

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21
Q

what makes up the grey matter?

A

neuron cell bodies, dendrites and axons

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22
Q

what makes up the white matter?

A

axons; many myelinated

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23
Q

what are the different glial support cells?

A

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

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24
Q

what is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

CNS equivalent of Schwann cell
They Myelinate axons

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25
Q

what is the function of astrocytes?

A

Provide mechanical support (also form part of the blood brain barrier)

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26
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

Ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells which line the cavities of the brain and the spinal cord

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27
Q

what are microglia?

A

specialised immunological cells of the CNS

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28
Q

what are the structures in the peripheral nerves?

A

fascicles
endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium

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29
Q

what is the fascicles?

A

a bundles of nerve fibres that form the nerve

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30
Q

what is the endoneurium?

A

Axons inside the fascicles are surrounded by collagenous support tissue

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31
Q

what is the perineurium?

A

The fascicles are enclosed in dense collagenous tissue

32
Q

what is the epineurium?

A

The fascicles are bound together by loose collagenous tissue

33
Q

how do large and small fibres differ?

A

in the degree to which they are enveloped

34
Q

what is the function of schwann cells?

A

Peripheral nervous system axons are enveloped by Schwann cells, providing structural and metabolic support

35
Q

what are small diameter axons?

A

axons of the autonomic system and small pain fibres are simply enveloped by the cytoplasm of Schwann cells

36
Q

what are myelinated nerves?

A

the axon is invaginated into the schwann cell cytoplasm

the outer membrane of the schwann cell fuses to fom a mesaxon

37
Q

what is a mesaxon?

A

when the outer membrane of the schwann cell fuses to the nerve

The mesaxon rotates around the axon, wrapping the axon in concentric layers of the membrane

38
Q

what is the myelin sheath?

A

concentric layers of the axon membrane

39
Q

what are the nodes of ranvier?

A

gaps where axons are not myelinated

40
Q

why are nodes of ranvier important?

A

important in signal conduction along the axon

41
Q

where is another place that the nodes of ranvier located?

A

also found in CNS with gaos in oligodendrocyte myelination

42
Q

what is the axon resting membrane potential?

A

An electrical potential exists across the plasma membrane of all cells. The fluid inside the cell has an excess of negative charges and the fluid outside the cell has an excess of positive charges

43
Q

what is the difference between myelinated cells and non-myelinated cells?

A

the non-myelinated nerves are much slower at conducting an action potential than myelinated nerves

44
Q

how does an action potential travel in myelinated nerves?

A

action potential of myelinated nerves quickly jumps between nodes of ranvier

45
Q

how does myelin help conduction of AP?

A

speeds up the conduction velocity

46
Q

what is multiple sclerosis?

A

Autoimmune nervous system disease where immune system attacks the myelin of the CNS

47
Q

what is the problem within the CNA for multiple sclerosis?

A

Damage to the myelin sheath
Slows down or blocks messages between the brain and the body

48
Q

hwhat are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

A

Visual disturbances
Muscle weakness
Trouble with coordination and balance, numbness, prickling (“pins and needles”)
Thinking and memory problems

49
Q

what is the cause of MS?

A

the cause is unknown

50
Q

what is guillain-barre syndrome?

A

Autoimmune nervous system disease where immune system attacks the myelin of the PNS

51
Q

what is the PNS?

A

the peripheral nervous system

52
Q

what are the symptoms of guillain-barre syndrome?

A

Tingling in hands and feet

Progressing weakness of limbs and respiratory muscles

53
Q

what causes guillain-barre syndrome?

A

unknown cause but usually associated with earlier infection

54
Q

what do effects on the autonomic nervous system lead to?

A

altered heart rate and blood pressure

55
Q

what are synapses?

A

synapses are specialised intercellular junctions which link neurons to each other and to muscles

56
Q

where does a propagating axon terminate?

A

at the terminal bouton

57
Q

how does an action potential propagate from a chemical synapse?

A

action potential from propagating axon elicits release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles into synaptic cleft

58
Q

what does the neurotransmitter do once released into the synaptic cleft?

A

neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and stimulates receptor on the postsynaptic membrane

59
Q

what are some examples of neurotransmitters?

A

noradrenaline
glutamate
dopamine
acetyl-choline
serotonin

60
Q

how are neurotransmitters synthesised?

A

via biochemical pathways

61
Q

what deficiency causes neurotransmitter deficiency?

A

loss of GTP cyclohydrolase 1

62
Q

what are the symptoms of GTPCH deficiency?

A

Early onset (4-5 months)
Intellectual disability
Convulsions
Irritability
Hypersalivation
Difficulty breathing

63
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction?

A

the synapse between motor neurons and muscle fibre

64
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction also known as?

A

the motor end plate

65
Q

how do motor neurons branch?

A

one motor neuron can divide into many branches each ending in a neuromuscular junction, one neuron may innervate thousands of muscle fibres

66
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

Motor neuron and connected skeletal muscle fibers

67
Q

what do lots of fibres provide?

A

power

68
Q

what do fewer fibres provide?

A

endurance

69
Q

what allows a constant state of partial contraction?

A

alternation between motor neurons

70
Q

what happens at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Acetylcholine released from synaptic vesicles

Binds to nicotinic ion channels that cause membrane depolarization

Secondary synaptic cleft caused by folding

71
Q

where is the neuro muscular junction?

A

the NMJ occupies a recess on the muscle surface, sole plate

72
Q

what is Myasthenia gravis?

A

Autoimmune disease, the body produces antibodies to nicotinic receptor

73
Q

how does Myasthenia gravis occur?

A

Binding of acetylcholine is therefore blocked and muscle activation is inhibited

74
Q

what is commonly effected in myasthenia gravis?

A

most commonly effected muscles
eyes
face
those associated with swallowing

75
Q

how is myasthenia gravis treated?

A

with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with alleviate symptoms

Immune supressors can also help

76
Q

how does Botulinum toxin A work?

A

botulinum toxin A regulates ACh release from nerve terminals and thus selectively inhibits the underlying muscles ability to contract

ANAT241- Module 2 (9 decks)

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