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ANAT241- Module 2 > Connective (support tissue) and extracellular matrix > Flashcards

Connective (support tissue) and extracellular matrix Flashcards

1
Q

what do connective tissues provide?

A

general structure
physical and metabolic suport for more specialised tissues
mechanical strength
fill spaces in the body

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2
Q

what are the general three properties of connective tissue?

A

Tensile strength
Elasticity
Volume

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3
Q

what provides tensile strength in connective tissue?

A

collagen

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4
Q

what provides elasticity in connective tissue?

A

elastin

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5
Q

what provides volume in connective tissue?

A

ground substance

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6
Q

what is ground substance?

A

various molecules secreted by the support tissues within connective tissue

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7
Q

what are the classifications of connective tissue?

A

connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone
blood

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8
Q

what are the two types of connective tissue proper?

A

loose and dense

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9
Q

what are the three types of loose connective tissue proper?

A

Areolar
Reticular
Adipose

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10
Q

what are the features of loose connective tissue proper?

A

open, loose structure

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11
Q

what are the features of areola loose connective tissue proper?

A

strong yet cushioning
Underlies epithelium , and forms the lamina propria

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12
Q

what are the features of reticular loose connective tissue proper?

A

reticular fibres (supportive mesh)
Supports organs

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13
Q

what are the features of adipose loose connective tissue proper?

A

full of adipocytes
white- stores energy
Brown- thermoregulation

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14
Q

what are the two types of dense connective tissue proper?

A

regular
irregular

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15
Q

what classified dense connective tissue proper?

A

greater proportion of fibres
very little ground substance

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16
Q

what are the features of regular dense connective tissue proper?

A

parallel fibres (mainly type 1 collagen)
ligaments and tendons

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17
Q

what are the features of irregular dense connective tissue proper?

A

non-parallel fibres
in the dermis

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18
Q

what are the types of connective tissue in the dermis?

A

loose in the papillary dermis
dense in the reticular dermis

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19
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic

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20
Q

what is hyaline cartilage?

A

smooth, translucent
few collagen fibres
Ends of bones, tracheal rings

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21
Q

what is fibrocartilage?

A

many collagne fibres

e.g. catilaginouse joints, menisci of knee joint

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22
Q

at is elastic cartilage?

A

elastin and collagen fibres

in the ear

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23
Q

what are the features of bone connective tissue?

A

collagen containing extracellular matrix, but it becomes calcified

-compact bone
-cancellous bone, forming the trabeculae
the layout depends on the stress/weight bearing nature of the bone

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24
Q

what are the key components of connective tissue?

A

cells and extracellular matrix

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25
Q

what determines the properties of a tissue?

A

the constituents of the ECM

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26
Q

what are support cells?

A

derived from embryological tissue mesenchyme

produce the extracellular matrix components

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27
Q

what are the support cells of the connective tissue proper?

A

fibroblasts

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28
Q

what are the support cells of cartilage?

A

chondroblasts

29
Q

what are the support cells of bone (osseous)?

A

osteoblast, to osteocyte

30
Q

what is the general function of connective tissue proper?

A

acts as a binding tissue; resists mechanical stress, particularly tension

31
Q

what are the matrix components if connective tissue proper?

A

Gel-like ground substance; all three fibre types

32
Q

what are the matric components of cartilage?

A

Gel-like ground substance; collagen fibers, elastin fibres in some

33
Q

what is the general function of cartilage?

A

resists compression and supports body structures

34
Q

what are the matrix components of bone?

A

Gel-like ground substance hardened with calcium salts: collagen fibres

35
Q

what is the general function of bone?

A

Rigidness that resists compression and tension; support

36
Q

what makes up the extra cellular matrix?

A

ground substance
fibrillar proteins
adhesion proteins

37
Q

what makes up the ground substance in ECM?

A

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)- very long unbranching polysaccharides

Proteoglycans- proteins that covalently bond to GAGs

38
Q

what is the function of ground substance in ECM?

A

ground substance binds to water, salts, collagen proteins, other molecules to make a massive matrix structure

39
Q

what is the function of fibrillar proteins in the ECM?

A

fibres provide strength or elasticity

40
Q

what is the function of adhesion proteins in the ECM?

A

link fibres, ground substance and cells together

41
Q

what are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

-long unbranched polysaccharide chains
-hyaluronic acid (hyaluronate) most common GAG -long linear molecules of two repeating sugar molecules

other GAGs attach via hyaluronic acid via core proteins (forming proteoglycans)

42
Q

what do proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans interact with?q

A

-each other
-with water and salts
-collagen
-and other fibres and molecules

43
Q

what is the function of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans?

A

-form the ground substance
-volume and compression resistance

44
Q

what are the two fibrillar proteins?

A

collagen
Elastin

45
Q

what is the function of fibrillar proteins?

A

add strength/elasticity to tissue

46
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

forms fibrils, fibres and sheets, gives tensile strength
Many types

47
Q

what is the function of elastin?

A

forms fibres or sheets, allows stretching and elastic recoil

48
Q

what is collagen?

A

most abundant protein in the human body
found in most support tissues
secreted by fibroblasts
stains pink in H and E

49
Q

what is the structure of collagen?

A

collagen is a series of twisted protein fibres

fibres are banded under the electron microscope due to the different overlap between the triple helices

50
Q

what is the function of Type 1 collagen?

A

~90% of collagen in body. Makes up ligaments, tendons, bone, skin

51
Q

what is the function of type 2 collagen?

A

cartilage

52
Q

what is the function of type 3 collagen?

A

reticular tissue (forms reticular fibres)

53
Q

what is the function of type 4 collagen?

A

basement membrane

54
Q

what are some diseases caused by collagen defects?

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Ehlers-Danlos syndromes

55
Q

what is elastin?

A

Produced by fibroblasts
Abundant in blood vessels, skin, lungs, elastic cartilage

56
Q

what is the structure of elastin?

A

Elastin protein comprised of short-segments
Covalently bound to each other, to allow stretching and relaxation

57
Q

what is the function of adhesion proteins (glycoproteins)?

A

Mediate interactions between cell cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

58
Q

what are two adhesion proteins?

A

fibronectin
Laminin

59
Q

what is fibronectin?

A

-dimeric glycoprotein
-binds collagen, proteoglycans, and cells
-binds collagen to integrins on cell surface

60
Q

what is laminin?

A

-binds multiple components of the ECM
-form sheets that make up basement membrane
-binds cells to basement membranes (binds to integrins)

61
Q

what are the adhesion mechanisms of the cell matrix?

A

junctions between cells and the extracellular matrix are important in maintaining structural integrity

62
Q

What are focal adhesions?

A

bind cells to the extra cellular matrix

63
Q

what are hemidesmosomes?

A

attach epithelial cells to basement membrane

64
Q

what protein is important in both hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions?

A

integrin proteins

65
Q

how do cells anchor to the ECM?

A

Matrix- GAGs and proteoglycans
Structural fibres- collagen and elastin
Adhesive glycoproteins- fibronectin and laminin
Transmembrane receptors- integrin

66
Q

what is the role of focal adhesions?

A

Attach cells to the ECM
-integrin proteins on both sides of the lipid bilayer

67
Q

how do support cells bind to the ECM?

A

via focal adhesions

68
Q

what are hemidesmosomes?

A

Modified desmosomes
Basal surface of cell
Anchor to basement membrane
Bind to cytokeratin
Main transmembrane protein (integrns)

69
Q

how to epithelial cells bind to the ECM?

A

via hemidesmosomes

ANAT241- Module 2 (9 decks)

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