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ANAT241- Module 2 > Epithelial tissue and cell membrane specialisations > Flashcards

Epithelial tissue and cell membrane specialisations Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tissue?

A

specialized cells embedded in an extracellular matrix, organised functionally and form organs and organ systems

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2
Q

What are the 4 key types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective (support) tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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3
Q

what types of cells form a tissue?

A

multiple cells can for a tissue
or
one type of cell can for a tissue

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4
Q

what are adhesion molecules?

A

hold cells together and to surfaces

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5
Q

where do cells sit in the body?

A

cells are embedded within an extracellular matrix

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6
Q

what is a cellular internal cytoskeleton?

A

network of filaments for shape, support, and movement

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7
Q

what is the function of the extracellular matrix?

A

provides structural support to cells and allows them to remain in a differentiated state

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8
Q

what secretes the ECM?

A

cells

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9
Q

why do cells secrete ECM?

A

for support and structure, and regulation of cell communication and behaviour

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10
Q

what is an example of when the ECM helps to maintain a differentiated state of the cell?

A

mouse mammary gland epithelium cultured without ECM are flat and don’t produce milk

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11
Q

what is an example of how ECM maintains normal development?

A

inactivating genes for ECM proteins results in defective skeletal development

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12
Q

what is a big differentiator between different types of tissue?

A

the ratio of cells to ECM

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13
Q

where is epithelial tissue found?

A

lines the organs and cavities within the body

covers the external body

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14
Q

what is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

protective barrier

Absorptive and secretory adaptations

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15
Q

how many cells form a secretory gland?

A

either individually or as a group

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16
Q

how is epithelial tissue classified?

A

based on layers, shapes, surface specialisations and function

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17
Q

what is the polarity of epithelial tissue?

A

has polarity, has the apical and basal surfaces

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18
Q

what is the purpose of the epithelial cells basement membrane?

A

a scaffold and anchor to underlye connective tissue (support tissue)

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19
Q

are epithelial tissues avascular?

A

yes

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20
Q

how do epithelial tissues get nutrients?

A

via diffusion

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21
Q

are epithelial tissues regenerative?

A

yes, they have stems cells that allow regeneration

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22
Q

what are the different epithelial cell shapes?

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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23
Q

what are the different number of cell layers?

A

simple
stratified
pseudostratified
transitional

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24
Q

what is pseudostratified?

A

look columnar but nuclei are not in an even plain, still only one layer of cells

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25
Q

what are the surface classifications?

A

microvilli and cilia

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26
Q

what are the different forms of glandular epithelium?

A

can be single cells or grouped into glands to allow focused production of a secreted product

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27
Q

what are occluding junctions?

A

tight junctions (zonula occludens)

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28
Q

what are the anchoring junctions?

A

zonula adherens
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes

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29
Q

what are the communicating junctions?

A

gap junctions

30
Q

where are junctions located?

A

tightly bound junction at apical region

31
Q

where are zonula adherens located?

A

strengthens attachment to neighbouring cells as apical region

32
Q

where are the gap junctions?t

A

communication between neighbouring cells

33
Q

what are the desmosomes?

A

firmly anchors neighboring cells together

34
Q

what are hemidesmosomes?

A

anchors cell to basement membrane

35
Q

what is a junctional complex?

A

made up from a tight junction, zondula adheren, and desmosome

epithelial cells have a junctional complex

36
Q

what is the function of tight junctions?

A

controls paracellular pathway

tight junctions are selectively permeable, evolved to allow certain molecules to pass through

37
Q

what are the transmembrane proteins of a tight junction?

A

occludin
claudins

38
Q

what is the function of claudins?

A

allow different molecules to pass between epithelial cells.
Different claudins for different permeabilities in different tissues

39
Q

what is the function of claudin-16?

A

only certain regions of the kidney are permeable to Mg2+ ions

40
Q

what are the effects of low Mg2+ into the blood?

A

magnesium deficiency
Kidney damage/renal failure

41
Q

what is the functions of zonula adherens?

A

links cytoskeletons of adjacent cells

42
Q

what is the main transmembrane protein in zonula adherens?

A

E-cadherins

43
Q

what is the structure of zondula adherens?

A

they have actin microfilaments that run across the apical region of the cell

44
Q

what happens if the zondula adherens dont have cedherins?

A

Loss of E-cadherins linked to metastesis of cancer cells

45
Q

what is the function of desmosomes?

A

link cytoskeletons of adjacent cells. Connect to cytokeratin (intermediate filaments)

46
Q

what is cytokeratin?

A

protein found within epithelial cells

47
Q

what are desmosomes main transmembrane protein?

A

cadherins such as desmoglein

48
Q

what is pemphigus vulgaris?

A

Autoimmune disease.

Antobodies attack desmoglein 3 which keeps cells bound together.

49
Q

what is the phenotype of pemphigus vulgaris?

A

cells fall apart, skin sloughs off

50
Q

what is the function of cadherins?

A

cadherins are important for maintaining structural integrity of epithelium

51
Q

what is the function of hemidesmosomes?

A

modified desmosomes
on the basal surface of the cell
anchor the cell to the basement membrane

they bind to cytokeratin

52
Q

what is the main transmembrane protein of hemidesmosomes?

A

integrins

53
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

communicating junctions

54
Q

what are the main transmembrane proteins of gap junctions?

A

connexins

55
Q

what is the function of connexins?

A

form channels called connexons that have open/close

allow passage of ions and small molecules

56
Q

what is the structure of polarised epithelial tissue?

A

epithelial cells have an apical and basal surface

linked as sheets through lateral junctions

linked to basement membrane via junctions

Different specialisations linked to polarity of cell-provide hints as to function

57
Q

what are microvilli?

A

fingerlike projections of plasma membrane

58
Q

what is the function of microvilli?

A

increased surface area

59
Q

what is the length of microvilli?

A

very short- 0.5-1 micro meter

60
Q

what is the structure of microvilli?

A

core of parallel actin bundles

61
Q

what do microvilli look like under light microscopy?

A

brush border

62
Q

what is the function of cilia?

A

Motile- beat in rhythm to move substances across the surface of epithelium

Non-motile- sensory information

63
Q

is the length of cilia?

A

~10 micrometers

64
Q

what is the structure of cilia?

A

has a cytoskeleton composed of a core of microtubules

65
Q

what is the function of the basal membrane?

A

binds epithelial cells to the connective tissue

Forms a barrier but allows nutrients to pass to epithelia. Regulates permeability

Controls growth and differentiation

66
Q

what forms the basal membrane?

A

formed and maintained by both epithelia and connective tissue

67
Q

What is the structure of the basal membrane?

A

sheet-like arrangement of ECM proteins

68
Q

what does the basal membrane look like under a light microscope?

A

not easily distinguished with H&E staining

Immunocytochemistry can be used to stain specific components

69
Q

what does the basal membrane look like under an electron microscope?

A

the 3 layers of the basal membrane are visible

70
Q

What are the 3 layers of the basal membrane?

A

Lamina lucida
Lamina densa (aka basal lamina)
Lamina fibroreticularis

71
Q

what are epithelial basal foldings?

A

folding of the basement membrane to increase surface area for exchange

72
Q

what are the general properties of stem cells (no matter where they come from)?

A
  • capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods
    -Unspecialised
    -can give rise to specialised cell types

ANAT241- Module 2 (9 decks)

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