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Histology > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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2
Q

Composed of cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves conducting impulses to and from the CNS and ganglia that are small aggregates of nerve cells outside the CNS

A

PNS

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3
Q

Small aggregates of nerve cells outside the CNS

A

Ganglia

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4
Q

Cells in both PNS and CNS are of two kinds ___ and __

A

neurons and glials

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5
Q

Collectively, 2 functions of the nervous system, ___ and ___

A

stabilizes intrinsic conditions of the body and maintains behavioral patterns

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6
Q

Nerous system develops from the ____of the three early embryonic layers

A

ectoderm, outermost layer

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7
Q

The folding of the neural plate forms the ___which gives rise to the entire CNS including neurons and most glial cells

A

Neural Tube

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8
Q

As the folds fuse and the neural tube separates from the overlying surface, a large population of developmentally important cells called___separate and migrate extensively to differentiast as all the cells of the PNS

A

Neural Crest

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9
Q

where does the CNS and PNS coem from embryonically

A

CNS- neural tube cells

PNS- neural crest cells

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10
Q

___is the portion of the neuron that receives stimuli from other neurons at synapses

A

Dendrites

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11
Q

___is a single process extending from a neuron that generates and conducts nerve impules to other cells

A

Axons

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12
Q

___neurons each have one axon with two or more dendirts and are the most common neurons

A

Multipolar Neurons

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13
Q

___neurons have one dendrite and one axon, these types of neurons comprise the sensory neurons of the retina, olfactory epithelium and inner ear

A

Bipolar Neuron

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14
Q

____neurons have a single process that bifurcates close to the cell body with long branch extending to peripheral end and the other to the CNS

A

unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons

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15
Q

___neurons have many dendrites but no true axon, do not produce action potentials but regulat electrical changes of adjacent CNS neurons

A

Anaxonic neurons

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16
Q

___neurons receive stimuli from receptors throughout the body

A

Sensory or afferent neurons

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17
Q

___neurons send impulses to effector organs such as muscle fibers and glands

A

Motor neurons or efferent neurons

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18
Q

____motor nerves are under voluntary control and innervate skeletal muscle

A

Somatic motor nerves

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19
Q

____motor nerves control the involuntary or unconscious activities of glands, cardiac muscle, and most smooth muscle

A

Autonomic motor nerves

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20
Q

___establish relationships among other neurons forming complex functional networks or circuits in the CNS they are iehter multipolar or anaxonic and comprise 99% of ALL neurons in adults

A

Interneurons

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21
Q

In CNS most cell bodies are in____ and axons are concentrated in the ___

A

grey matter ; white matter

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22
Q

In PNS cell bodies are found in___ and axons are bundled in __

A

ganglia, nerves

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23
Q

____are found only in the PNS and differentiat from precursors of the neural crest. they are the counterparts of oligodendrocytes of the CNS

A

Schwann Cells

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24
Q

____cells are columnar or cuboidal cells that line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

A

Ependymal cells

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25
Q

What is the purpose of cilia on ependymal cells?

A

The cilia on ependymal cells facilitates the movement of cerebrospinal fluid and long microvilli possible absorption purposes

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26
Q

Like neuron, most glial cells develop from progenitor cells of___

A

the embryonic neural plate

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27
Q

___electrically insulates the axon and vacilitatees rapid transmission of nerve impulses

A

myelin sheath

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28
Q

___is the predominant glial cell in white matter CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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29
Q

___are the most numerous glial cells of the brain

A

Astrocytes

30
Q

__ form a thin, intimate glial layer around each large neuronal cell body in the ganglia of the PNS

A

Satellite cells

31
Q

___exert a trophic or supportive effect on neurons in the PNS, insulating, nourishing, and regulating their microenvironments

A

Satellite Cells

32
Q

The major structures comprising the CNS are the ___,___,and___

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord

33
Q

The main components of white matter are myelinated axons often grouped togehter as__

A

tracts

34
Q

Gray matter in the CNS contains the ___

A

abundance of neuronal cell bodies unlike white matter in the CNS

35
Q

Gray matter makes up the ___of both the cerebrum and the cerebellum; most white matter is found in the deeper regions

A

thick cortex or surface layer

36
Q

Deep within the brain are localized, variously shaped darker areas called ___

A

cerebral nuclei

37
Q

What is the function of neurons of the cerebral cortex?

A

Integration of sensory information and the initiation of voluntary motor responses

38
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A
  • Thick outer molecular layer
  • Thin middle layer consisting of purkinje cells
  • Thick inner granular layer
39
Q

____coordinates muscular activity throughout the body and is organized with three layer

A

cerebellar cortex

40
Q

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain ___

A

cell bodie of very large motor neurons that make up the vental roots of the spinal nerves

41
Q

The ___of the spinal cord is continuous with the ventricles of the brain and is lined by ependymal cells and contains CSF

A

central canal

42
Q

The two posterior horns of the spinal cord contain the ___ which receive sensory fibers from the neurons in the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia

A

Interneurons

43
Q

The central canal of the spinal cord develops from ___

A

the neural tube

44
Q

What are the three layers of meninges between bone and nervous tissue

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
45
Q

The thick dura mater of the meninges are continuous with__

A

periosteum of the skull and an inner meningeal layer

46
Q

Around the spinal cord, the dura mater is steparated from the periosteum of the vertebrae by the ___

A

epidural space

47
Q

Surrounding the trabeculae of the arachnoid layer is the ___ filled with CSF

A

subarachnoid space

48
Q

What is the purpose of CSF

A

CSF fluid helps cushion and protect the CNS from minor trauma

49
Q

CSF is produced in the ___

A

ventricles

50
Q

What is the function of the arachnoid villi

A

It is site for absorption of CSF into the blood of the venous sinuses

51
Q

The innermost meninge layer___ together with a layer of astrocytic end feet forms a physical barrier separating CNS tissue from CSF in the subarahnoid space

A

Pia mater

52
Q

Blood vessels penetrate CNS tissue through long____

A

vascular spaces

53
Q

The___is a functional barrier that allows tight control over passages of substances moving from blood into the CNS tissue

A

Blood brain barrier

54
Q

The main structural component of the blood brain barrier is ____

A

capillary endothelium

55
Q

There are three places where there is no blood brain barrier

A
  • regions of the hypothalamus where plasma components are monitored
  • posterior pituitary which releases hormones
  • choroid plexus where CSF is produced
56
Q

___consists of highly vascular tissue, elaborately folded and projecting into the large ventricles of the brain

A

Choroid Plexus

57
Q

What is the function of the choroid plexus?

A
  • To remove water from blood and release it as the CSF
  • provides ions required for CNS neuronal activity
  • serves to absorb mechanical shocks in the arachnoid
58
Q

The main components of the peripheral nervous system are ___,___,and_.

A

nerves, ganglia, and nerve endings

59
Q

Nerve fibers are analagous to___ in the CNS

A

tracts, containing axons enclosed within sheaths of glial cells specialized to facilitate axonal functions

60
Q

What is a major difference between oligodendrocyte and schwann cell?

A

Unlike oligodendrocytes of the CNS, a Schwann cell forms myelin around only a portion of one axon

61
Q

Between adjacent Schwann cells on an axon the myelin sheath has gaps called___where the axon is partially covered by interdigitating Schwann cell processes

A

nodes of Ranvier

62
Q

In the PNS nerve fibers are grouped into bundles to form__

A

Nerves

63
Q

Immediately around the external lamina of the Schwann cells is a thin layer called the ___ consisting of reticular fibers, scattered fibroblasts, and capillaries

A

Endoneurium

64
Q

Groups of axons with Schwann cells and endoneurium are bundled together as____by a sleeve of perineurium

A

fascicles

65
Q

Peripheral nerves have a dense, irregular firbous coat called the __ which extends deeply to fill the space between fascicles

A

Perineurium

66
Q

___fibers carry information from internal body regions and the environment to the CNS

A

afferent

67
Q

____fibers carry impulses from the CNS to effector organs

A

Efferents

68
Q

Nerves carrying only fibers carrying impulses to the effect (source) are called__

A

motor nerves

69
Q

Nerves possessing only sensory fibers are called __

A

sensory nerves

70
Q

__are typically ovoid structures containing neuronal cell bodies and satellite cells surrounded by a denser capsule

A

Ganglia

71
Q

What determines whether the ganglion will be a sensory or an autonomic ganglion?

A

The direction of the nerve impulse

Histology (6 decks)

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