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Histology > Chapter 20 Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

The uptake of hormones occurs where?

A

Capillaries

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2
Q

__secretion is localized dispersal of hormones in interstitial fluid or through lops of blood vessels. Usually the target cells are a short distance away

A

Paracrine Secretion

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3
Q

__secretion is signaling molecules remains on the secreting cells surface or adjacent extracellular matric and affects target cells when the cells make contact

A

Juxtacrine Secretion

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4
Q

___secretion occurs when cells produce molecules that act on themselves or cells of the same type

A

Autocrine Secretion

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5
Q

___lies below the brain in a small cavity on the sphenoid bone, sella turcica

A

Pituitary Gland

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6
Q

___is formed in the embryo partly from the developing brain and partly from the developing oral cavity

A

Pituitary Gland

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7
Q

Describe embryonic development of Pituitary Gland

A

Neural Component- neurohypophyseal bud growing from the floor of future diencephalon as an infundibulum
Oral Component- arises as an outpocketing of ECTODERM from roof of primitve mouth forming hypophyseal (Ratke) pouch

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8
Q

Why does the pituitary have two glands?

A

Because of its origin from the brain and the mouth

Adenohypophysis- derived from oral ECTODERM,has three parts (pars distalis) or anterior lobe, pars

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9
Q

___is the portion of the pituitary gland that is derived from the brain

A

Neurohypophysis

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10
Q

ADH is produced in the _____nuclei

A

Supraoptic nuclei

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11
Q

Oxytocin is produced in tthe ____nuclei

A

Paraveentricular nuclei

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12
Q

the _____arteries supplies the median eminence and the infundibullar stalk

A

Superior Hypophyseal arteries

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13
Q

The __ arteries provide blood for the neurohypophysis

A

Inferior Hypophyseal arteries

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14
Q

The ____ are a group of fenestrated capillaries that make up the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

Primary Plexus

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15
Q

The __ carries neuropeptides from median eminence to the adenohypophysis

A

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

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16
Q

The three parts of the adenohypophysis anterior pituitary are derived embryonically from___

A

hypophyseal pouch

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17
Q

The ___accounts for 75% of the adenohypophysis

A

Pars Distalis

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18
Q

What two cell types are in the Pars Distalis?

A

Chromophobes and Chromophils

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19
Q

__are secretory cells in which hormone is stored in cytoplasmic granules in the pars distalis

A

Chromophils

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20
Q

Acidophils secrete either ___or____ and are called somatotrophs

A

growth hormone (somatotropin) or prolactin

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21
Q

What two cell types are considered acidophils in the pars distalis

A

Somatotrophs - secrete growth hormone

Lactotrophs - secrete prolactin

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22
Q

What are the three cell types that are considered basophilic cells

A

Corticotrophs- ACTH
Gonadotrophs- secrete FSH and LH
Thyrotrophs -TSH

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23
Q

Most of the cellls of the pars tuberalis are__

A

gonadotrophs - secreting FSH and LH

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24
Q

the colloid filled cysts of the pars intermedia is derived from __

A

the lumen of the embryonic hypophyseal pouch

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25
Q

The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) consists of the ___ and the ___

A

pars nervosa and the infundibular stalk

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26
Q

____are highly branched glial cells and are the most abundant cell type in the posterior pituitary gland

A

Pituicytes

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27
Q

ADH and Oxytocin accumular in axonal dilations called ___ in the posterior pituitary

A

Herring Bodies

28
Q

Upon release, ADH and Oxytocin get uptaken by fenestrated capillaries in the __

A

pars nervosa

29
Q

____increases the permeability of the renal collecting ducts to water so more water is absorbed from the filtrate

A

ADH

30
Q

The adrenal____arises from the mesoderm

A

cortex

31
Q

The adrenal___arises from the neural crest

A

Medulla

32
Q

From top to bottom what is the order of zones for the adrenal cortex?

A 
Capsule
Zona Glomerulosa 
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis
Adrenal Medulla
33
Q

The hromones produced in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex are___ principal product is __

A

Mineralcorticoids; aldosterone

34
Q

The middle zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex secretes____ especially____

A

Glucocorticoids; cortisol

35
Q

The innermost zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex secrets ___including ___

A

weak androgens; DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone

36
Q

THe medullary parenchymal cells known as ____ arise from neural crest cells

A

chromaffin cells

37
Q

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla contain many electron-dense granules for the storage and secretion of ____

A

catecholamines, either epinephrine or norepinephrine

38
Q

The conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine occurs only in ___cells of the adrenal medulla

A

Chromaffin cells

39
Q

The ___of the pancreas are compact spherical or ovoid masses of endocrine cells embedded within the acinar exocrine tissue of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans

40
Q

The embryonic origin of pancreatic islet cells is the same as the pancreatic acinar tissue _____

A

epithelial outgrowth from endoderm of the developing gut

41
Q

The enterochromaffin cells in both the islets and small ducts of the pancreas are similar those of the digestive tract, collectively these cells as well as those in the respiratory mucosa make up the __

A

diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES)

42
Q

Cells of the DNES staining with silver nitrate care sometiems called

A

Argentaffin cells

43
Q

Cells of the DNES stained by solutions of chromium salts are called

A

Enterochromaffin Cells

44
Q

The thryoid gland originates embryonically from the ____

A

foregut endoderm near the base of the the developing tongue

45
Q

What three hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxine, triiodothyronine and Calcitonin

46
Q

The parenchyma of the thyroid is composed of millions of rounded epithelial___

A

thyroid follicles

47
Q

The central lumen of thyroid follicles of the thyroid gland are filled with gelatinous acidophilic __

A

colloid

48
Q

The ___gland is the only endocrine gland where a large quantity of secretory product is stored OUTSIDE the cells

A

Thyroid

49
Q

The ___cells secrete Thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine

A

Thyrocytes or Follicular cells

50
Q

The __cells of the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cells

51
Q

Embryonically, parafollicular cells are derived from___

A

neural crest

52
Q

The major regulator of the anatomical and functional state of thyroid follicles is ___

A

TSH (thyrotropin)

53
Q

The parathyroid gland is usually embedded in the __ capsule

A

thyroid glands capsule

54
Q

The parathyroid gland is embryonically derived from ___

A

embryonic pharyngeal pouch

55
Q

The superior parathyroid glands are embryonically derived from__and the inferior parathyroid gland are derived from__

A

Superior parathyroid gland derived from FOURTH pouch

Inferior parathyroid derived from the THIRD pouch

56
Q

Endocrine cells of the parathyroid are called____

A

principal (chief) cells

57
Q

The parathyroid hormone (PTH) has three targets __,___, and____

A

Osteoblasts respond by producing osteoclast stimulating factor to resorption of calcified bone matric and release of CA

  • distal convoluted tubule stimulates Ca reabsorption
  • indirectly stimulates absorption in small intestine by stimulating vitamin D activation
58
Q

___ are much larger than the common prinicpal cells of the parathyroid gland and found commonly in old people as secretory cells are replaced with adipocytes

A

Oxyphils

59
Q

Oxyphils stain___ and principal cells stain__

A

pink, purple

60
Q

The __gland regulates the daily rhythms of body activities

A

Pineal Gland

61
Q

The embryonic origin of the pineal gland is that it___

A

develops from neuroectoderm in the posterior wall of the third ventricle and remains attacehd to the brain by a short talk

62
Q

Prominent and abundant secretory cells of the pineal gland____ produce melatonin

A

Pinealocytes

63
Q

Melatonin is release from pinealocytes when___

A

it is dark and inhibited during daylight

64
Q

Characteristic feature of the pineal gland is the presence of various sized concentrations of calcium and magnesium salts call___ or brain sand

A

Corpora Arenacea

65
Q

Pituitary gland is a ventral outgrowth of the second part of the brain called the __

A

diencephalon

66
Q

The ___wraps around the infundibulum of the anterior pituitary gland

A

Pars Tuberalis

Histology (6 decks)

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