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Human Anatomy & Physiology Nerves > Nervous System V > Flashcards

Nervous System V Flashcards

1
Q

Meninges

A

Continuous coverings of the brain and spinal cord; provides protection

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2
Q

Dura Mater

A

Tough Mother

A thick membrane that is the outermost layer of the arachnoid layer and Pia Mater

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3
Q

Arachnoid Layer

A

Looks like a spider web. Provide spider web like structures. Outer layer. Thin layer

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4
Q

Pia Mater

A

Delicate Mother. Thin connective tissue layer, that follows all the nooks and crannies.

Convolutions, entire surface area of the brain.

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5
Q

Cross sections of the Cord

A

Consists of both gray and white matter

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6
Q

Gray Matter

A
  1. Nerve Cell Bodies

2. Unmyelinated Axon and Dendrites

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7
Q

White Matter

A

Tracts or columns of myelinated axons that run superiorly and inferiorly within the cord

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8
Q

General Parts Outside of the Cord

A
  1. Dorsal Root
  2. Ventral Root
  3. Spinal Nerve
  4. Dorsal Root Ganglion
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9
Q

What is Dorsal Root and what will it do?

A

Afferent Sensory System. It will bring in information into the cord

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10
Q

What is Ventral Root and what will it do?

A

Efferent System. Motor going out. Information going out

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11
Q

What is Spinal Nerve and what will it do?

A

Mixed afferent and efferent fibers. Mixed Nerve. Both motor and sensory information carried by spinal nerve

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12
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

Cell bodies of afferent sensory neurons.

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13
Q

Where is Gray Matter of the Cord located?

A

Outside of the cord

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14
Q

What is Dorsal Horn

A

Sensory information coming in.

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15
Q

What is Lateral Horn

A

Represents locations for the nerve cell bodies of the autonomic system

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16
Q

Ventral or Anterior Horn

A

Nerve cell bodies located for motor neurons.

Alpha Neurons are also found here.

Nerves that go out to skeletal muscles and other parts of the body to control them.

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17
Q

What is Gray Commissure

A

Area in the middle that connects the right and left gray sides at the midline

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18
Q

What is Posterior Column

A

Columns, Elevators, myelinated axons traveling up and down the cord.

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19
Q

Anterior Ventral Column

A

Section of where we have a left and right halves where fibers cross over.

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20
Q

What are Ascending Tracts

A

Tracts that are moving up the cord. Tracts within the white that carry sensory information to the brain

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21
Q

What are Descending Tracts

A

Tracts that travel down the cord. Predominantly motor.

Tracts in the white matter that carry motor information from the brain

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22
Q

What are Reflexes

A

Rapid automatic response to a stimulus, response from sensory has an effect on a muscle or a gland.

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23
Q

What is a Spinal Reflex

A

A reflex carried out by the cord alone.

Reflex hammer

24
Q

What is a Somatic Reflex

A

Builds on the spinal reflex. Results in the skeletal muscle contraction.

25
Q

Visceral or Autonomic Reflex

A
  1. Causes either the contraction of a cardiac or smooth muscle
  2. A secretion of a gland
26
Q

What is a Monosynaptic

A

only involves 2 neurons and one synapse

27
Q

What is a Polysynaptic

A

Most synapses are polysynaptic.

Information that travels in from this side and the information may synapse on the same level and may go to opposite side.

A reflex involving more than one synapse and involves sensory motor and association neurons

28
Q

Cross Extensor Reflex

A

Contralateral (opposite side) - someone grabs your arm, you pull back and push away with the opposite arm

29
Q

Ipsilateral Reflex

A

Stays on same side, so that the basic tendon reflex, reflex hammer to hit the knee

30
Q

Contralateral Reflex

A

Example: Cross Extensor Reflex.

Bilateral because it does go to the opposite. Has an effect to the opposite side.

31
Q

Association Neurons

A

Inter-Neurons. Neurons located between two other neurons

32
Q

Sensory Pathways

A

Generally ascending tracts

33
Q

Motor Pathways

A

Generally descending tracts

34
Q

Sensory

A

Ascending Pathways

35
Q

Posterior Column Pathways (Fasciculus)

A

White Matter

Around the periphery

36
Q

Fasciculus Gracillus

A

towards the midline; lower body; proprioception, fine touch, crude touch “pressure touch”, and vibration

Much of lower extremity sensory information travel via this pathway

37
Q

Fasciculus Cuneatus

A

lateral to the fasciculus gracillus;

does the exact same thing as gracillus but does it for the upper portions of the body, upper extremities

38
Q

Spinocerabeller Posterior

A

Muscle fiber proprioception for the posterior

39
Q

Spinocerabeller Anterior

A

A little bit smaller. Whole limb proprioception, sending information to the brain

40
Q

Spinothalmic Lateral

A

Pain and Temperature

41
Q

Spinothalmic Anterior

A

Crude touch (more pressure)

42
Q

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

A

famous tracts inside the cord. Control voluntary skeletal muscle. 85% of the fibers

Stroke on one side, it will affect the opposite side of the body. Because fibers cross at the pyramidal decussation

43
Q

Anterior Corticospinal Tract

A

Represents other 15% of the fibers.

Don’t cross, they stay on same side

Voluntary control of the skeletal muscle

44
Q

Corticobulbar Tract

A

Don’t see it

Voluntary control of head and neck muscles that run with other corticospinal tracts

45
Q

Betsy Cells

A

Pyramidal fibers because of the cell body shape

46
Q

Rubrospinal Tract

A

Involuntary control of posture and muscle tone. Originate out of the brain stem

47
Q

Reticulo Spinal Tract

A

Involuntary contract of reflex autonomic function

Controls some of our autonomic reflexes, things we don’t think about

48
Q

Vestibulospinal

A

Regulates body and muscle tone in response to head and neck movement.

Sense of balance equilibrium. Spinning around and not falling over

49
Q

Tectospinal Tract

A

Involuntary control of eyes, head, neck, and arms in response to visual and auditory stimulus

Being scared and putting up your hands to protect yourself

50
Q

Nerve Plexus

A

Network of nerve roots arising off of the spinal cord

51
Q

Cervical Plexus

A 
Most Superior
C1 - C5
Innervates neck and diaphragm
Contract the diaphragm
Phrenic Nerve
52
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

C 3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive

Contracts the diaphragm

53
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

C5 - T1
Innvervates arm and shoulder girdle

Axillary Nerve
Radial Nerve
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Median Nerve

54
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

T12 - L4

Femoral nerve - goes in the front

Anterior and lateral thigh muscles (generally)

55
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

L4 to S4

Sciatic Nerve

56
Q

Sciatic Nerve

A

Posterior thigh muscles (generally)

57
Q

Lumbar Plexus and Sacral Plexus

A

Collectively called the Lumbosacral plexus

Human Anatomy & Physiology Nerves (8 decks)

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