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Physiology > Nervous System/Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Nervous System/Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

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3
Q

What are the two types of nervous systems?

A

1) central nervous system

2) peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A
  • Prepares body for heightened levels of somatic activity
  • Stimulate tissue metabolism and increase alertness
  • Fight or flight syndrome
  • Digestion and urinary activity suspended, increase in blood flow, breathing, heart rate
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5
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • Stimulate visceral activity
  • Responsible for rest and repose following eating
  • Conserves energy
  • Promotes sedentary activity for digestion
  • Body relaxes, heart rate and blood pressure, metabolic rate decrease
  • Increase in secretions from salivary and digestive glands, blood flow to digestive system and increase in urination and defecation
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6
Q

What are the fundamental properties of neurons?

A

CSE

  1. Conductivity
  2. Secretion
  3. Excitability
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7
Q

Conductivity

A

Transmit electrical signals

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8
Q

Secretion

A

When electrical signal reaches end of nerve fiber, a chemical neurotransmitter is secreted

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9
Q

Excitability *

A

Responds to stimuli and also incoming neurotransmitters

*Ability to get excited by the news

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10
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Compose the blood brain barrier
  • Impenetrable membrane around blood cells in the brain
  • Proteins can’t go from blood to brain
  • Part of brain’s inherent immune system
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11
Q

Microglial cell

A

Immune cell of the CNS, Macrophage-like function

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12
Q

Ependymal cell

A

Produce cErebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Form the myelin sheath of the neurons in CNS; they’re insulators, help to speed up conductivity

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14
Q

Schwann cell

A

Form the myelin sheath of the neurons in PNS

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15
Q

Glial cells

A
  • Not neurons!
  • Help hold NS together
  • Support cells other than neurons
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16
Q

Fifth type of glial cell?

A

Sensory neuron with Schwann cells and satellite cells

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17
Q

Multipolar *

A
  • Many processes extend from the cell body; all dendrites except for a single axon
  • Most abundant in body; major neuron type in CNS
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18
Q

Bipolar

A
  • Two processes extend from the cell: one is a fused dendrite, the other is an axon
  • Rare; are found in some special sensory organs
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19
Q

Unipolar

A

One process extends from the cell body and forms central and peripheral processes, which together comprise the axon. Only the distal endings of the peripheral process are dendrites

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20
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A
  • receptors detect (SENSE) changes in body and external environment
  • this information is transmitted into brain or spinal cord
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21
Q

Interneurons (association neurons)

A
  • lie between sensory and motor pathways in CNS
  • 90% of our neurons are interneurons
  • process, store & retrieve information
22
Q

Motor (efferent) neuron

A
  • send signals out to muscles & gland cells

- organs that carry out responses called EFFECTORS

23
Q

Nervous intervention

A

Communication between neurons and efferent cell

24
Q

Neuropeptides *

A

Communication from nerve cell to cell

25
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Communication of neuron to muscle

26
Q

What are the 2 types of electrical signals? *

A

1) graded potentials

2) action potentials

27
Q

Graded potentials

A

Serve as short-distance signals

28
Q

Action potentials

A

Signal over long distances

29
Q

What are electrical signals caused by? *

A

Changes in the movement of ions thru ion channels in the plasma membrane

30
Q

Polarization

A
  • Charges are separated across the plasma membrane thus has potential
  • Value of membrane potential not 0 mV
31
Q

Depolarization *

A
  • Membrane is less polarized than at resting potential

- Fewer charges are separated than at resting potential

32
Q

Repolarization *

A

The membrane returns to resting potential after having been polarized

33
Q

Hyperpolarization *

A

The membrane is more polarized (more -) than at resting potential

34
Q

Triggering event

A

Results in changes in ionic movement across the membrane

35
Q

What are some triggering events?

A
  • Stimulus
  • Change in electrical field
  • Interaction of a chemical messenger with a surface receptor
  • Spontaneous change of potential
36
Q

What are 2 types of ion channels?

A
  • leak channels

- gated channels

37
Q

Leak channels

A

Open all time gated channels

38
Q

Gated channels

A

Opened or closed in response to specific triggering events

39
Q

What are the 3 kinds of gated channels? ***

A

1) voltage-gated channels
2) chemical messenger-gated channel
3) mechanically gated channels

40
Q

Voltage-gated channel

A

Open and close in response to changes in membrane potential

41
Q

Chemical messenger-gated channel

A

Change conformation in response to the binding of a specific chemical messenger with a membrane receptor

42
Q

Mechanically gated channels

A

Respond to stretching or other mechanical deformation

43
Q

What establishes membrane potential? ***

A

Equilibrium potentials for each ion and relative permeabilities

44
Q

What maintains the membrane potential?

A

Na+/K+ pumps

45
Q

Neurilemma *

A

Outermost coating of Schwann cell

46
Q

Saltatory conduction in myelinated fibers

A
  • voltage-gated channels needed for AP’s

- fast diffusion occurs between nodes

47
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Myelin sheath of CNS deteriorate and are replaced by scar tissue

48
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

  • occur at excitatory synapses
  • move a postsynaptic neuron towards its threshold
49
Q

Temporal summation

A
  • One or more presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-fire order and waves of NT release occur in quick succession.
  • First impulse produces a slight EPSP followed by addition EPSP impulses by subsequent impulses summing to threshold
50
Q

Spatial summation

A

Postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals form the same or different neurons at the same time which sum to threshold

Physiology (15 decks)

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